Anti-Colonial Movements And The Birth Of Nationalism 10th Social Science Lesson 13 Questions in English
10th Social Science Lesson 13 Questions in English
13] Anti-Colonial Movements And The Birth Of Nationalism
1. Who was defeated in the Plassey War by the East India Company?
a) Siraj-ud-daulah c) Mir Jafar
b) Bhahadur Shah d) None of the above
Explanation
On 23 June 1757 the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daulah was defeated by the East India Company at the Battle of Plassey.
2. Choose the correct statements regarding the Plassey war.
i) The Battle of Plassey was orchestrated by the Robert Clive, commander-in-chief of the East India Company.
ii) Mir Jafar helped Siraj-ud-daula against the British Company.
iii) Jagat Seths of Bengal was attracted by the Siraj-ud-daula’s policies.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) All of the above
Explanation
The battle was orchestrated by Robert Clive, commander in-chief of the East India Company managed to get the clandestine support from Mir Jafar the uncle of Siraj-ud-daulah and the chief of the Nawab’s army. Clive was helped by the Jagat Seths the moneylenders from Bengal who was aggrieved by Siraj-ud-daulah’s policy.
3. Assertion (A): After Plassey war, India was led to de-industrialization and forced to create a market for Britain Products.
Reasoning(R): East India Company got enormous money from Mir Jafar which was invested in Britain Industries.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
Between 1757 and 1760 the company received 22.5 million from Mir Jafar who became the new Nawab of Bengal. The same money was later invested to propel the industrial revolution in Britain, which rapidly mechanized the British textile industry. On the other hand, India was led to the path of de-industrialization and forced to create a market for the products manufactured in Britain.
4. Which of this policy was followed by the East India Company after the Plassey War?
a) Administration reforms c) Territorial expansion
b) Military Control d) All the above
Explanation
After Plassey, the British adopted a policy of territorial expansion. Soon the remaining parts of the Indian subcontinent came under their control.
5. Which of these movements mainly opposed the Colonial exploitations in the late 18th century India?
a) Tribal Uprising c) both a and b
b) Peasant Rebellion d) Palayakkarar war
Explanation
The early Indian response to colonial exploitation and the colonial political and economic domination consisted of two elements. The response in the late 18th and early 19th century was restorative in nature. Tribal uprisings and peasant rebellions made an attempt to restore the old order.
6. Choose the correct statements
i) The Urban people of India started accepting the Western ideas by involving in various Social movements.
ii) The Rural India had a very aggressive response to the emerging British rule in India.
a) i only c) Both i and ii
b) ii only d) None of the above
Explanation
While the urban elite of India was busy responding to the western ideas and rationality by engaging in various socio-religious reform movements, a far more aggressive response to the British rule emerged in rural India. The traditional elite and peasantry along with the tribes revolted. They were not necessarily seeking the removal of British but rather the restoration of the pre-colonial order.
7. What was the reason for the Peasant and Tribal resistance of British rule in India?
a) Rigorous collection of Land revenue.
b) Interference of Christian missionaries in religious life of local people.
c) Non-tribal people occupying the Tribal land.
d) All the above
Explanation
The concept of private property rights in land, rigorous collection of land revenue, encroachment of tribal land by the nontribal people, the interference of Christian missionaries in the socio-religious life of the local people were a few of the many issues which added to the sense of resentment against the British. The tribal people in particular started looking at them as invaders and encroachers. The fundamental aspect of various tribal and peasant revolts was that all of them tried to eliminate the most immediate and visible cause of their misery.
8. How many types of Peasant uprisings were followed in India?
a) 4 c) 3
b) 5 d) 2
Explanation
In India there were nearly a hundred peasant uprisings during British rule. They can be classified into four categories. Restorative rebellions, Religious Movements, Social Banditry and Mass Insurrection.
9. Assertion (A): Restorative Rebellions attempted to restore old order social relations.
Reasoning(R): The Social Banditry leaders were considered as criminals by the British.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The Restorative rebellions attempts to restore old order and old social relations. The leaders Social Banditry movements were considered criminal by the British and the traditional elite but were looked upon by their people as heroes.
10. What were the changes in the Revenue System under the Company rule in India?
a) Increased financial burden on the peasants.
b) No system of private ownership of land.
c) Zamindhars were not given the rights on the land they collect revenue.
d) All the above
Explanation
The East India Company restructured the Mughal revenue system across India in such a manner that it increased the financial burden on the peasants. There was no widespread system of private ownership of the land in pre-British India. Similarly Zamindhars and others who were to collect revenue and remit it to the government were never given the possession right on land.
11. Who was majorly leading the Peasant movements in India?
a) Zamindhars c) Local Village Heads
b) Religious Leaders d) Political Leaders
Explanation
Peasant revolts began to erupt in the early 19th century and continued till the very end of British rule in India. Many of these revolts were led by religious leaders who treated the British rule as an invasion into the socio religious life of the people of India.
12. When and in which part of India the Farazi movement was launched?
a) 1818, Eastern Bengal c) 1812, Western Punjab
b) 1819, Western Delhi d) 1820, North Bengal
Explanation
Farazi movement launched by Haji Shariatullah in 1818 in the parts of eastern Bengal advocated the participants to abstain from un-Islamic activities.
13. Choose the correct Statements.
i) Shariatullah the founder of Farazi movement insisted the participants to abstain from un-Islamic activities.
ii) After the death of Shariatullah in 1839, his son Dudu Mian led the rebellion.
a) i only c) both i and ii
b) ii only d) None of the above
Explanation
The Farazi movement was launched by Haji Shariatullah in 1818. After the death of Shariatullah in 1839 the rebellion was led by his son Dudu Mian.
14. What was the declaration made by Dudu Mian based on the nature of religion?
a) Land belongs to God c) Help the sufferers
b) All are Equal d) Peasants are God
Explanation
Dudu Mian laid emphasis on the egalitarian nature of religion and declared that “Land belongs to God” and collecting rent or levying taxes on it was therefore against divine law.
15. Which acted as an Anti-Landlord Movement?
a) Farazi Movement c) Santhal Hool
b) Wahhabi Rebellion d) Koi revolt
Explanation
The Wahhabi rebellion was an anti- imperial and anti- landlord movement. It originated in and around 1827 in the Barasat region of Bengal.
16. What influenced Titu Mir for the Wahhabi Rebellion?
a) Islamic preaching c) Wahhabi teachings
b) Socialistic Ideas d) Complete Independence
Explanation
Wahhabi rebellion was led by an Islamic preacher Titu Mir who was deeply influenced by the Wahhabi teachings. He became an influential figure among the predominately Muslim peasantry oppressed under the coercive zamindari system.
17. Assertion (A): The Wahhabi rebellion was an anti-Imperial, anti-Landlord movement and also had an Anti-Hindu complexion.
Reasoning(R): Most of the Zamindhars opposed Titu Mir gave an anti-Hindu complexion to the Wahhabi movement.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The Wahhabi rebellion was an anti-imperial and anti-landlord movement. The majority of Zamindhars were Hindus gave this movement an anti-Hindu complexion.
18. Choose the correct statements
i) On 16 November 1821 the first major attack was launched in Narkelberia.
ii) Titu Mir declared freedom from the British rule.
iii) The British sent forces to Purnea and killed Titu Mir and his 50 soldiers.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) All the above
Explanation
On 6 November 1831 the first major attack was launched in the town of Purnea. Titu Mir immediately declared freedom from British rule. Soon there was retaliation from the British and a large number of troops were sent to Narkelberia.
19. What were the characteristics of the Peasant movements in the earlier 19th century of India?
a) The Rural people were aware of the power structure and the oppressing political sources of the society.
b) The British state machinery which supported the local agents was also under attack by the rebels.
c) The Zamindhars, Money lenders and Merchants were opposed by the rebels.
d) All the above
Explanation
The peasant rebellion clearly showed an awareness of the power structure in rural society and a strong will to restructure authority. The rebels were quite familiar with the political source of demonstrated in their actions against the Zamindhars houses their grain stocks, the moneylenders, and the merchants. At times the British state machinery which came forward to protect these local agents of oppression was also attacked.
20. Who claimed direct proprietary rights over the Forest area of India?
a) The Tribal habitants c) The Landlords
b) The British Government d) The Zamindhars
Explanation
Under colonial rule for the first time in Indian history government claimed a direct proprietary right over forests.
21. Assertion (A): The British rule encouraged the commercialization of forest areas.
Reasoning(R): The Traditional tribal system was disintegrated under the colonial rule in India.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The British rule and its encouragement of commercialization of forest led to the disintegration of the traditional tribal system.
22. Find the non-tribal people who were allowed to incurve into the tribal areas?
a) Moneylenders c) Land-grabbers
b) Traders and Contractors d) All the above
Explanation
The British Government encouraged the incursion of tribal areas by the non-tribal people such as moneylenders, traders, land-grabbers and contractors. This led to the widespread loss of adivasi land and their displacement from their traditional habitats.
23. In which of these places the Kol revolt was started?
a) Jharkhand c) Both a and b
b) Orissa d) Chhatisgarh
Explanation
One major tribal revolt the Kol uprising of 1831-32 took place in Chota Nagpur and Singbhum region of Jharkhand and Orissa under the leadership of Bindrai and Singhrai.
24. Match
A. Chota Nagpur i) Farazi Movement
B. Purnea ii) Wahhabi rebellion
C. Noah Mian iii) Kol revolt
a) i, ii, iii c) ii, iii, i
b) iii, i, ii d) iii, ii, i
Explanation
On 6 November 1831 the first major attack was launched in the town of Purnea by Wahhabi movement.
The major tribal revolt the Kol uprising of 1831-32 took place in Chota Nagpur. After the death of Dudu Mian in 1862 the Farazi rebellion was revived by Noah Mian.
25. Who were the leaders of the Kol revolt?
a) Titu Mir c) Bindari
b) Singhrai d) both b and c
Explanation
The Kol uprising took place in Chota Nagpur and Singbhum region of Jharkhand and Orissa under the leadership of Bindari and Singhrai.
26. Assertion (A): The forcible evictions of tribes from their region led to the resentment of Kol’s.
Reasoning(R): The Tribal leaders adopted various methods to spread their message to all outsiders to leave their region.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The usury and forcible eviction of tribes from their land led to the resentment of Kol’s. The tribal leaders adopted varied methods to spread their message such as the beating of drums and the circulation of arrows accompanied by a warning to all outsiders to leave.
27. Choose the Incorrect statements
i) The Raja of Chota Nagpur had leased out the Zamindhars to collect the revenue.
ii) Initially the tribes started killing the moneylenders and the merchants from outside.
iii) At later stages they started protesting and attacking the properties of the outsiders.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) All the above
Explanation
The Raja of Chota Nagpur had leased out to moneylenders the job of revenue collection. The initial protest and resistance Kol’s been in the form of plunder, arson and attacks on the properties of outsiders. This was followed by the killing of moneylenders and merchants.
28. Who were opposed by the Kol’s revolt in the year 1831-32?
a) Money lenders c) The King
b) Government officers d) both a and b
Explanation
Kol’s organized an insurrection in 1831-32 which was directed against government officers and moneylenders.
29. Choose the correct statements.
i) The Kol rebels took control of the Government offices of the British.
ii) They tried to form an Independent government in the King’s palace.
iii) The British could not suppress the rebellions.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) All the above
Explanation
Kol’s organized an insurrection in 1831-32 which was directed against government officers and moneylenders. The Kol rebels took control of the king’s palace. They even succeeded in forming an independent government there. The British suppressed the rebellion with great violence.
30. Which part of India was the habitant of the Santhalas?
a) Eastern Bengal c) Southern Plateau
b) Northern Karnataka d) Eastern India
Explanation
The Santhalas scattered in various parts of eastern India. They were forced to move out of their homeland during the process of creation of zamins under Permanent Settlement.
31. Why the Santhals were forced to move out of their habitant?
a) Creation of new Zamins in their homeland.
b) Rajmahal hills were cleared for a permanent settlement
c) European officers engaged in new Railway construction
d) All the above
Explanation
The Santhals scattered in various parts of eastern India. They were forced to move out of their homeland during the process of creation of zamins under Permanent Settlement cleared the forest area around the Rajmahal Hills. They were oppressed by the local police and the European officers engaged in the railway construction.
32. Assertion (A): The British Administration did not render justice to the legitimate grievances of the Santhals.
Reasoning(R): The Santhals were trapped in a circle of debt and extortion.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The Santhals were forced to rely on the moneylenders for their subsistence. Soon they were trapped in a vicious circle of debt and extortion. Besides this Santhals also felt neglected under the corrupt British administration and their inability to render justice to their legitimate grievances.
33. Who was leading a revolt against Mahajans and traders in various places?
a) Bir Singh c) Dudu Mian
b) Titu Mir d) Noah Mian
Explanation
Around 1854 activities of social banditry led by a person named Bir Singh was reported from different places. These were directed against Mahajans and traders.
34. Choose the correct statements.
i) In 1855, two Santhal brothers Sidhu and Kanu proclaimed that they have received a divine message from the God.
ii) God has ordered them to slaughter all Mahajans and Darago’s.
iii) They were intended to remove all rich Bengalis and Zamindhars from their country.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) All the above
Explanation
In 1855, two Santhal brothers Sidhu and Kanu proclaimed that they had received a divine message from the God asking them to lead the rebellion. On June 30, 1855 they announced that God has ordered them “to slaughter all the Mahajans and Darago’s, to banish the traders and Zamindhars and all rich Bengalis from their country.
35. Name the places which were taken by the Santhal rebels by ending the Company rule?
a) Rajmahal c) Purnea
b) Chota Nagpur d) Bengal
Explanation
By July 1855 the Santhal rebellion has taken the form of open insurrection against the Mahajans, the Zamindhars and the British officials. They marched with bows, poisoned arrows, axes and swords taking over the Rajmahal and Bhagalpur by proclaiming that the Company rule was about to end.
36. Assertion (A): The British Government passed an act to regulate the territories occupied by the
Santhals.
Reasoning(R): The Santhals outbreak compelled the British government to restructure their policies towards the tribal people.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The Santhals outbreaks compelled the British government to restructure their policies towards the tribal people. In 1855 an act was passed to regulate the territories occupied by the Santhals.
37. When the British Government passed an act to form the Santhal Pargana Division?
a) 1856 c) 1855
b) 1854 d) 1857
Explanation
In 1855 an act was passed to regulate the territories occupied by the Santhals. The Act formed the territory into a separate division called Santhal Pargana division.
38. Which of this tribal rebellion took place in Ranchi, India?
a) Ulugulan rebellion c) Kol revolt
b) Munda rebellion d) both a and b
Explanation
Munda Rebellion was one of the prominent tribal rebellions of this period occurred in Ranchi known as Ulugulan rebellion (Great Tumult).
39. Which of these occupations was followed by the Munda people of Ranchi?
a) Collective Farming c) Weaving
b) Trading d) Blacksmith
Explanation
The Munda people were familiar with the cooperative or collective farming known as Khuntkatti (joint holding) land system.
40. Which of these factors forced the Munda people to resist against the British Government?
a) Lack of Justice
b) Disillusionment with Christian Missionaries
c) Forcibly recruited to work in Plantations
d) All the above
Explanation
The Munda people were also forcefully recruited as indentured laborers to work on plantations. The corrupt police, lack of access to justice and the disillusionment with Christian missionaries aggravated the miseries of Munda people.
41. Who was leading the Munda rebellion?
a) Kanu c) Birsa Munda
b) Sidhu d) All the above
Explanation
The tribal rebellions of Ranchi received an impetus when Birsa Munda declared himself as the messenger of God. Birsa claimed that he had a prophecy and promised supernatural solutions to the problem of Munda people.
42. What was established by the Birsa Munda as a solution to the problems of the Munda people?
a) Birsaite Raj c) Chota Nagpur Palace
b) Santhals Pargana d) None of the above
Explanation
Birsa Munda declared himself as the messenger of God. Birsa claimed that he had a prophecy and promised supernatural solutions to the problem of Munda people and the establishment of Birsaite Raj.
43. When the planned revolt against the British was held by the Munda rebels?
a) 1890 c) 1889
b) 1880 d) 1887
Explanation
The Munda leaders utilized the cult of Birsa Munda to recruit more people to their cause. A series of night meetings were held and a revolt was planned. On the Christmas day of 1889 they resorted to violence.
44. Choose the Correct statements.
i) The Munda rebellion was crushed by the British Government and Birsa Munda was arrested.
ii) Birsa Munda was considered as a Folk hero and celebrated with many folk songs till now.
a) i only c) both i and ii
b) ii only d) None of the above
Explanation
The Munda resistance was crushed and Birsa Munda was arrested in February 1900 who later died in jail. Birsa Munda became a folk hero who is to this day celebrated in many folk songs.
45. Name the Act passed by the British Government to formulate a policy on Tribal land?
a) Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act c) Santhal Pargana Division Act
b) Tribal welfare Act d) none of the above
Explanation
The Munda rebellion prompted the British to formulate a policy on Tribal land. The Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 restricted the entry of non-tribal people into the tribal land.
46. In which year the British rule witnessed a biggest challenge for its existence?
a) 1800 c) 1806
b) 1830 d) 1857
Explanation
In 1857, British rule witnessed the biggest challenge to its existence by the revolts and mutiny of the Indian soldiers.
47. Which presidency sepoy’s began a mutiny which was the reason for the big revolt in the year 1857?
a) Bengal c) New Delhi
b) Meerut d) Pune
Explanation
Initially there was a mutiny of Bengal presidency sepoy’s which later expanded to the other parts of India involving a large number of civilians especially peasants.
48. Find the significant reason of the 1857-58 events in India?
a) There was no sign of a Civilian rebellion after these events.
b) The second major revolt of armed forces.
c) The revolt witnessed unprecedented violence in the British army.
d) This revolt ended the rule of East India Company and the British Crown took over the governance of Indian subcontinent.
Explanation
The events of 1857–58 are significant for the following reasons:
1. This was the first major revolt of armed forces accompanied by civilian rebellion.
2. The revolt witnessed unprecedented violence perpetrated by both sides.
3. The revolt ended the role of the East India Company and the governance of the Indian subcontinent was taken over by the British Crown.
49. Name the policies followed by the British in India for the annexation of territories in 1840’s and 50’s?
a) The Doctrine of Paramountcy c) Both a and b
b) The Doctrine of Lapse d) neither a or b
Explanation
In the 1840s and 1850s, more territories in India were annexed through two major policies which are the Doctrine of Paramountcy and the Doctrine of Lapse.
50. Which of these places were annexed by the Doctrine of Lapse?
a) Jhansi c) Nagpur
b) Sambalpur d) all the above
Explanation
Satara, Sambalpur, parts of the Punjab, Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed by the British through the Doctrine of Lapse.
51. What were the reasons for the Vellore mutiny in 1806?
a) New dress code for Indian soldiers.
b) Discrimination in salary and promotions.
c) The Indian soldiers thought that dress code was part of their conversion to Christianity.
d) All the above
Explanation
In 1806 the sepoy’s at Vellore mutinied against the new dress code which prohibited Indians from wearing religious marks on their foreheads. It was feared that the dress code was part of their effort to convert soldiers to Christianity. The sepoy’s were also upset with discrimination in salary and promotion. Indian sepoys were paid much less than their European counterparts.
52. In which year the Barrackpur sepoy’s refused to go to Burma by sea?
a) 1814 c) 1824
b) 1810 d) 1817
Explanation
In 1824 the sepoy’s at Barrackpur near Calcutta refused to go to Burma by sea since crossing the sea meant the loss of their caste.
53. Assertion (A): The key reason for the outbreak of 1857 is the rumors about the new cartridges.
Reasoning(R): It was believed that the new cartridges had been greased with cow and pig fat.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The precursor to the 1857 revolt was the circulation of rumors about the cartridges of the new Enfield rifle. There was strong suspicion that the new cartridges had been greased with cow and pig fat.
54. Choose the correct statements.
i) Mangal pandey a sepoy assaulted his European officer.
ii) Mangal pandey and his fellow Indian soldiers were hanged to death.
iii) Death of Mangal pandey increased the disobedience acts in the army cantonments.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) all the above
Explanation
On 29 March a sepoy named Mangal Pandey assaulted his European officer. His fellow soldiers refused to arrest him when ordered to do so. Mangal Pandey along with others were court-martialled and hanged. This only fuelled the anger and in the following days there were increasing incidents of disobedience.
55. When a band of sepoy’s marched to Red fort in Delhi?
a) 11th May, 1857 c) 10th June, 1856
b) 11th July, 1888 d) 21st July, 1853
Explanation
On 11 may 1857 a band of sepoy’s from Meerut marched to the Red Fort in Delhi. The sepoy’s were followed by an equally exuberant crowd who gathered to ask the Mughal Emperor Bhahadur Shah II to become their leader.
56. Who was announced as the Emperor of Hindustan by the rebels?
a) Bhahadur Shah I c) Bhahadur Shah II
b) Jhansi Rani d) Nana sahib
Explanation
On 11 may 1857 a band of sepoy’s from Meerut marched to the Red Fort in Delhi to ask the Mughal Emperor Bhahadur Shah II to become their leader. After much hesitation he accepted the offer and was proclaimed as the Shahenshah-e-Hindustan (the Emperor of Hindustan).
57. Which places were under the control of British after the mutiny?
a) Punjab c) New Delhi
b) Meerut d) Pakistan
Explanation
The news of the fall of Delhi reached the Ganges valley cantonment after cantonment mutinied till by the beginning of June British rule in North India except in Punjab and Bengal had disappeared.
58. Choose the correct statements
i) The 1857 mutiny was not supported by the rural society of North India.
ii) Sepoy’s working in the British army was trained officers from India.
iii) The Sepoy mutiny was considered as just a disobedience of soldiers in their part of provinces.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) None of the above
Explanation
The mutiny was equally supported by an aggrieved rural society of north India. The Sepoy’s working in the British army was in fact peasants in uniform. The sepoy revolt and the subsequent civil rebellion in various parts of India had a deep-rooted connection with rural mass.
59. From which of these regions of India the first civil rebellion broke out?
a) North East provinces c) East Provinces
b) North West provinces d) South East Provinces
Explanation
The first civil rebellion broke out in parts of the North-Western provinces and Oudh. These were the two regions from which the sepoy’s were predominately recruited.
60. Assertion (A): The Zamindhars and Taluqdars were also attacked by the rebels.
Reasoning(R): The Indian weavers and handicrafts of the British Industries were out of employment.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
A large number of Zamindhars and Taluqdars were also attracted to the rebellions as they had lost their various privileges under the British government. The dumping of British manufactures had ruined the Indian handicrafts and thrown thousands of weavers out of employment. Collective anger against the British took the form of a people’s revolt.
61. Who was leading against the British in Kanpur region?
a) Nana Sahib c) Begum Hazrat
b) Baji Rao II d) Khan Bhahadur
Explanation
The mutiny provided a platform to aggrieved kings, Nawab’s, queens and Zamindhars to express the anti-British anger. Nana Sahib the adopted son of the last Peshwa Baji Rao II provided leadership in the Kanpur region.
62. Name the Governor General who annexed Jhansi under the Doctrine of Lapse?
a) Lord Cornwallis c) Lord Wellesley
b) Lord Dalhousie d) Lord Irwin
Explanation
Dalhousie the Governor General of Bengal had refused Jhansi Rani’s request to adopt a son as her successor after her husband died and the kingdom was annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse.
63. Which of the army divisions were restored by the British after the mutiny?
a) Agra c) Meerut
b) Allahabad d) All the above
Explanation
By the beginning of June 1857 the Delhi, Meerut, Rohilkhand, Agra, Allahabad and Banaras divisions of the army had been restored to British control and placed under martial law. The British officers were given the power to judge and take the life of Indians without due process of law.
64. Choose the correct statements.
i) William Howard Russell is an Army officer in India at the time of the revolt.
ii) In 1858 Colonel Neil ordered a march from Allahabad to Kanpur.
a) i only c) Both i and ii
b) ii only d) None of the above
Explanation
William Howard Russell the correspondent of the London Times who was in India in 1858 met an officer who was a part of the column that under Colonel Neill’s orders marched from Allahabad to Kanpur.
65. State the causes of the failures of the sepoy mutiny, 1857.
i) It was a well-organized and well planned rebellion.
ii) There was a lack of support among the Indian princes to participate in the rebellion.
iii) The English educated middle class supported the rebellion.
iv) There was no central authority and no common agenda in the revolt.
a) i, iii only c) ii, iv only
c) ii, iii, iv only d) iv only
Explanation
There is hardly any evidence to prove that the rebellion of 1857 was organized and planned. It was spontaneous. There was a general lack of enthusiasm among the Indian princes to participate in the rebellion. The emerging English-educated middle class too did not support the rebellion. One of the important reasons for the failure of the rebellion was the absence of a central authority. There was no common agenda that united the individuals.
66. Which of these factors were lagging in the rebel leaders of the revolt?
a) Organization c) Weapons
b) Discipline d) All the above
Explanation
In the end of 1857 revolt, the rebellion was brutally suppressed by the British army. The rebel leaders were defeated due to the lack of weapons, organization, discipline, and betrayal by their aides.
67. Who was captured in Delhi by the British forces?
a) Bhahadur Shah II c) Jhansi Rani
b) Nana Sahib d) Bhahadur Shah I
Explanation
Delhi was captured by the British troops in late 1857. Bhahadur Shah was captured and transported to Burma.
68. When the Indian Government Act was adopted by the British Parliament?
a) November, 1858 c) December, 1857
b) August, 1857 d) November, 1857
Explanation
The British Parliament adopted the Indian Government Act in November 1858 and India was pronounced as one of the many crown colonies to be directly governed by the Parliament.
69. Who was the responsible person to govern India after adopting the Indian Government Act?
a) The Governor General for India c) The British Prime Minister
b) The Secretary of State for India d) The Viceroy for India
Explanation
The British Parliament adopted the Indian Government Act in November 1858.The responsibility was given to a member of the cabinet designated as the Secretary of State for India.
70. Assertion (A): The Indian affairs were regularly reviewed by the British Parliament.
Reasoning(R): The British Crown had taken over the power of Governance from the East India Company.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
As per the Indian Government Act of 1858 the power was transferred to the East India Company to the British Crown also meant that there was a regular parliamentary review of Indian affairs.
71. What were the Social reforms made by the Queen Victoria?
a) The British government would not interfere in Religious and traditional matters of Indian people.
b) The British Officers will be appointed for Chief positions in Government services.
c) The British tried to elect representatives of India to the British Parliament.
d) A Special Governor was appointed in India for the administration.
Explanation
British rule and its policies underwent a major overhaul after 1857. British followed a cautious approach to the issue of social reform. Queen Victoria proclaimed to the Indian people that the British would not interfere in traditional institutions and religious matters. It was promised that Indians would be absorbed in government services.
72. What were the important changes in the Indian Army structure after the Queens Crown?
i) The Number of Indians was increased.
ii) The Indians were restrained from holding important ranks and positions.
iii) The British took the Control of artillery.
iv) The number of Indian soldiers was reduced in the army.
a) i, iii only c) ii, iv only
b) ii, iii, iv only d) i, iv only
Explanation
Queen Victoria made two significant changes to the structure of the Indian army. The number of Indians was significantly reduced. Indians were restrained from holding important ranks and position. The British took control of the artillery and shifted their recruiting effort to regions and communities that remained loyal during 1857.
73. Assertion (A): The British Governance followed a Divide and Rule policy In India.
Reasoning(R): The British exploited the caste, religious and linguistic differences of Indian society.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The British Governance exploited the caste, religious, linguistic and regional differences in the Indian society through what came to be known as “Divide and Rule” policy.
74. What did India mainly exported to British in the early 19th century?
a) Indigo c) Cotton
b) Silk d) Spices
Explanation
Before synthetic dyes were created natural indigo dye was highly valued by cloth makers around the world. By the early 19th century, India supplied the vast majority of the indigo to Britain.
75. Choose the Incorrect sentences
i) Many of the Europeans planned to invest in Indigo planters in India.
ii) The British planters gave cash to the cultivator to pay for the rent of the land.
iii) The Peasants were forced to cultivate the Food grains rather than Indigo.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) None of the above
Explanation
The peasants were forced to grow the Indigo crop. The British planters gave the cultivator a cash advance to help pay for the rent of the land and other costs. This advance needed to be repaid with interest. The planters forced the peasant grow indigo rather than food crops.
76. Assertion (A): The Indigo cultivators were the Owners of their land.
Reasoning(R): The British Planters helped the peasants to grow the Food grains.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The British planter gave the cultivator a cash advance to help pay for the rent of the land and other costs. The planters forced the peasant grow indigo rather than food crops.
77. When the Indigo revolt began in India?
a) 1857 c) 1869
c) 1859 d) 1860
Explanation
The Indigo Revolt began in 1859. The rebellion began as a strike as the peasants of a village in Bengal’s Nadia district refused to grow any more indigo.
78. Where was the first indigo rebellion started in India?
a) Bengal c) Punjab
b) Maharashtra d) Karnataka
Explanation
The Indigo rebellion began as a strike as the peasants of a village in Bengal’s Nadia district refused to grow any more indigo.
79. Which of these statements is true regarding the Indigo revolt in India?
i) Only the Hindu peasants were involved in the rebel.
ii) The Indigo started as a violent movement initially.
iii) Women also took part in the rebellion along with men.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) All the above
Explanation
The Indigo rebellion began as a strike as the peasants of a village in Bengal. The movement quickly spread to the other indigo-growing districts of Bengal. The revolt then turned violent. The peasants both Hindu and Muslim participated in the revolt and women armed with pots and pans fought alongside the men.
80. Which drew much attention of India and Europe about the plight of the Indigo growers?
a) The Articles of the Indian Journalists c) Nil Darpan, a play
b) The Revolt of Indigo d) Social Movements
Explanation
Indian journalists in Calcutta wrote articles about the brutality of the planters. The 1860 play Nil Darpan known as “Mirror of the Indigo” by Dina Bandhu Mitra did much to draw attention in India and Europe to the plight of the indigo growers.
81. Match
A. Nil Darpan i) 1860
B. William Howard Russell ii) 1875
C. Deccan Riots iii) 1858
a) i, iii, ii c) ii, i, iii
b) iii, ii, i d) i, ii, iii
Explanation
William Howard Russell the correspondent of the London Times who was in India in 1858.The play Nil Darpan known as “Mirror of the Indigo” by Dina Bandhu Mitra was played in 1860.The Deccan riots was initiated in May 1875.
82. Where was the first riot happened in the Deccan region of India?
a) Poona c) Allahabad
b) Indore d) Meerut
Explanation
The first recorded incident of rioting against the moneylenders in the Deccan was in May 1875 in Supa a village near Poona. Similar cases of riots were reported from close to 30 villages in Poona and Ahmadnagar.
83. Deccan riots were mostly focused on the _______ of Gujarat.
a) Money lenders c) Zamindhars
b) Landlords d) Peasants
Explanation
The Deccan rioting was directed mostly at the Gujarat moneylenders. Under British rule peasants were forced to pay revenue directly to the government.
84. Choose the correct statements regarding the Deccan riots in India.
i) The Deccan riots were initiated in May 1885.
ii) Under British rule the peasants were forced to pay revenue through the Zamindhars.
iii) Under a new law the moneylenders allowed to auction the mortgaged land.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) None of the above
Explanation
The first recorded incident of rioting against the moneylenders in the Deccan was in May 1875.Under British rule peasants were forced to pay revenue directly to the government. Also under a new law moneylenders were allowed to attach the mortgaged land of the defaulters and auction it off. This resulted in a transfer of lands from the cultivators to the non-cultivating classes.
85. Which played a major role in spreading the ideas of nationalism and democratic aspirations?
a) Revolts c) Social Movements
b) Printing media d) Political Leaders
Explanation
The second half of the 19th century saw the emergence of national political consciousness among a new social class of English educated Indians. The flourishing of print media both in the vernacular and in English played a significant role in circulating such ideas.
86. Match
A. Madras Native Association i) 1885
B. The Bombay Presidency Association ii) 1866
C. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha iii) 1870
D. East India Association iv) 1852
a) ii, iii, iv, i c) iv, i, iii, ii
b) ii, i, iv, iii d) i, iv, ii, iii
Explanation
The lawyers, journalists, government employees, teachers or doctors took the initiative to float political outfits such as Madras Native Association (1852) East India Association (1866), Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884), Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870), The Bombay Presidency Association (1885) and many others.
87. Assertion (A): The Colonial economy was a continuous transfer of resources from India to Britain.
Reasoning(R): India became a market to dump English manufactures and for the British investment.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
India was economically subjugated and transformed into a supplier of raw material to the British industries. Simultaneously it became a market to dump English manufactures and for the investment of British capital. So the colonial economy was a continuous transfer of resources from India to Britain without any favorable returns back to India. This is called “the drain of wealth”
88. Name the Indian personalities who criticized Colonial economy policies?
a) Dadabhai Naoroji c) Justice Ranade
b) Romesh Chandra Dutt d) All the above
Explanation
Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Ranade and Romesh Chandra Dutt played a significant role in making this criticism about colonial economy. They clearly understood that the prosperity of the British lay in the economic and political subjugation of India.
89. When did the first all India organization was established?
a) 1885 c) 1883
b) 1886 d) 1887
Explanation
The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was intended to establish an all India organization.
90. Which of these presidencies were politically active regions in India?
a) Bombay c) Madras
b) Calcutta d) All the above
Explanation
The Indian National Congress was formed by the culmination of attempts by groups of educated Indians politically active in three presidencies: Bombay, Madras and Calcutta.
91. Who was the first President of the Indian National Congress?
a) Womesh Chandra Banarjee c) A.O. Hume
b) Jawaharlal Nehru d) Annie Besant
Explanation
A.O. Hume lent his services to facilitate the formation of the Congress. Womesh Chandra Banarjee was the first President (1885) Indian National Congress.
92. When was the first session of Indian National Congress held?
a) 25th December, 1887 c) 28th December, 1885
b) 10th July, 1885 d) 20th November, 1882
Explanation
The first session of the Indian National Congress was held on 28 December 1885.
93. Assertion (A): The Indian National Congress had an objective of developing National Unity.
Reasoning(R): There was a vast gap between the interests of the Upper sections and majority people of the Indian Society.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The early objectives were to develop and consolidate sentiments of national unity but also professed loyalty to Britain. These objectives clearly show the vast gap between the interests of the upper sections of Indian society and the large mass of common people.
94. State some of the demands of the Indian National Congress.
a) Creation of Legislative Councils at Central level only.
b) Increasing Military expenditure
c) Holding civil services exams in India and England.
d) Increasing Home charges
Explanation
Some of the key demands of the Indian National Congress were the following, creation of legislative councils at provincial and central level, increasing the number of elected members in the legislative council, separating judicial and executive functions, reducing military expenditure, reduction of Home Charges, extension of trial by jury, holding civil services exams in India as well as in England, police reforms, reconsideration of forest laws.
95. Choose the correct statements.
i) Early Congress Leaders criticized the economic exploitation of India increased the poverty levels.
ii) The Indian Nationalists were against the Industrialization.
a) i only c) Both i and ii
b) ii only d) None of the above
Explanation
According to the early Congress leaders the economic exploitation of India was the primary reason for the abysmal and the growing poverty of India. Therefore, early Indian nationalists advocated industrialization.
96. Assertion (A): The Extremists were militants who focused more on self-help for their demands.
Reasoning(R): They used religious symbols to bridge the gap between the elite people and the Mass.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The extremists instead of prayers and petitions these militants were more focused on self-help and the use of religious symbols to bridge the gap between the elite and the masses.
97. Who was appointed as the Viceroy of India in 1899?
a) Lord Canning c) Lord Curzon
b) Lord Dalhousie d) Lord Mount Batten
Explanation
In 1899, Lord Curzon was appointed as the Viceroy of India.
98. When the Partition of Bengal was proposed?
a) 1907 c) 1906
b) 1905 d) 1902
Explanation
The Partition of Bengal was proposed in 1905 by Lord Curzon. The partition led to widespread protests all across India starting a new phase of the Indian national movement.
99. State the Incorrect statements related to Bengal partition.
i) Bengal Partition was the most popular decisions of the British.
ii) The Partition spread the protests all across India.
iii) This was proposed to suppress the Political activities against British.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) None of the above
Explanation
The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was the most unpopular of all decisions made by the British India Government. The partition led to widespread protests all across India. The idea of partition was devised to suppress the political activities against the British rule in Bengal by creating a Hindu-Muslim divide.
100. What were the ideas and objectives of Lord Curzon on partition of Bengal?
a) Bengal was under two administrative units based on Language.
b) He assured Muslims would have a new Province in East Bengal.
c) To weaken the Nationalist Movements.
d) All the above
Explanation
It was openly stated that the objective of partition was to curtail Bengali influence and weaken the nationalist movement. By placing Bengal under two administrative units Curzon reduced the Bengali – speaking people to a linguistic minority in a divided Bengal. Curzon assured Muslims that in the new province of East Bengal Muslims.
101. Assertion (A): The partition united the Bengali people in religious line.
Reasoning(R): The Growth of Regional newspapers built a sense of Proud Bengali Identity.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
Instead of dividing the Bengali people along the religious line the Bengal partition united them. The growth of regional language newspapers played a role in building a sense of proud Bengali identity.
102. Which day was considered as a day of mourning?
a) 15th August, 1907 c) 16th October, 1905
b) 16th December, 1908 d) 17th November, 1906
Explanation
The day Bengal was officially partitioned 16 Oct 1905 was declared as a day of mourning.
103. Which movements were proposed to make self-sufficient India?
a) Boycott Movement d) both a and b
b) Swadeshi Movement c) None of the above
Explanation
The Boycott and Swadeshi movements were always interlinked to each other and part of the wider plan to make India self-sufficient.
104. What were the major trends discerned during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal?
a) The Moderate trend c) Constructive Swadeshi
b) Militant Nationalism d) All the above
Explanation
Four major trends can be discerned during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. They were the Moderate Trend, Constructive Swadeshi, Militant Nationalism, Revolutionary terrorism.
105. Choose the correct statements regarding the Revolutionary terrorism.
i) It was a radical response to the British rule in violent methods.
ii) The Anti-Swadeshi British officials were targeted.
iii) It made a shift from the mass movements to Individual action.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) All the above
Explanation
Revolutionary terrorism which was a far more radical response to the British rule in India was to fight British with violent methods. British officials who were anti-Swadeshi or repressive towards the native population were targeted. It also marked the shift from the mass-based movement to individual action.
106. Assertion (A): The Constructive Swadeshi movement emphasized the need of self-strengthening of the people.
Reasoning(R): This would create a worthy citizen for the Political agitation.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The constructive programs largely stressed upon self-help. It focused on building alternative institutions of self-governance that would operate free of British control. It also laid emphasis on the need of self-strengthening of the people which would help in creating a worthy citizen for the political agitation.
107. Which of these products were sold by the Swadeshi shops all over India?
a) Textiles c) Handlooms
b) Leather goods d) All the above
Explanation
The Swadeshi shops sprang all over the place selling textiles, handlooms, soaps and earthenware, match and leather goods.
108. What was the new direction of Swadeshi movements for the Political Independence across India?
a) Boycott of Government schools c) Boycott of Courts and Government services
b) Development of Swadeshi Industries d) All the above
Explanation
From 1906 the Swadeshi Movement took a turn where the repeal of partition was no longer on the agenda. Under this new direction the Swadeshi program included four points boycott of foreign goods, boycott of government schools and colleges, courts, titles and government services, development of Swadeshi industries, national schools, and recourse to armed struggle if British repression went beyond the limits of endurance.
109. Which regions of India were the places of Militant Nationalism in India?
a) Punjab c) Delhi
b) Bihar d) Haryana
Explanation
In India Punjab, Bengal and Maharashtra emerged as the hotbed of militant nationalism during the Swadeshi Movement.
110. Name the important personality who developed the Swadeshi movement in Southern India?
a) Subramanya Bharathiyar c) V.O.Chidhambaranar
b) Rajagopalachari d) Dheeran Chinnamalai
Explanation
In South India Tuticorin became the most important location of Swadeshi activity with the launch of a Swadeshi Steam Navigation company by V.O. Chidambaranar.
111. Name the three prominent Leaders of the Swadeshi period?
a) Jawaharlal Nehru, Gandhi, Lala Lajpat Rai
b) Lala Lajpat Rai, Gandhi, Khan Abdul Kabhar Khan
c) Lala Lajpat Rai, Bala Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal
d) Bipin Chandra pal, Gandhi, Bala Gangadhar Tilak
Explanation
Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab, Bala Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra and Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal were three prominent leaders during the Swadeshi period and were referred to as Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate.
112. Choose the Correct statements
i) Bal Gangadhar Tilak considered Swaraj as the attainment of complete autonomy and Total freedom.
ii) The Moderate leaders supported the British Government.
iii) The Militant Leaders encouraged and approved the Political murders and Individual terrorism acts.
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) All the above
Explanation
One of the common goals of the extremist leaders was to achieve Swaraj or Self Rule. However the leaders differed on the meaning of Swaraj. For Tilak Swaraj was the attainment of complete autonomy and total freedom from foreign rule. Unlike the moderates who were critical of the reckless revolutionaries militant nationalists were sympathetic towards the extremists. However the political murders and individual acts of terrorism were not approved by the militant leaders.
113. Who led the Home Rule Movement in India?
a) Annie Besant c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
b) Lokamanya Tilak d) Both a and b
Explanation
The Indian national movement was revived and also radicalized during the Home Rule Movement (1916-1918) led by Lokamanya Tilak and Annie Besant.
114. What were the causes for the Home Rule League in India?
a) The First World War c) Regulating Militant activities
b) Swadeshi Movements d) Complete Freedom
Explanation
The World War I and Indian’s participation in it was the background for the Home Rule League.
115. In which year the British declared a war against Germany?
a) 1912 c) 1910
b) 1914 d) 1918
Explanation
During First World War the Britain declared war against Germany in 1914.
116. Assertion (A): The Moderate and Liberal leaders of India supported the British Government in the First World War.
Reasoning(R): They hoped that the British Government would give self-government to India after the war.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
The moderate and liberal leadership extended their support to the British cause in First World War. It was hoped that in return the British government would give self-government after the war. Indian troops were sent to several theatres of World War.
117. What were the significant developments in the 1916 Annual session of Congress?
i) The Moderate were under the leadership of Pherozeshah Mehta and Gokhale
ii) Opposition of voice against the military faction in 1915.
iii) Ideas to decrease the popularity of Annie Besant.
a) i only c) i and ii only
b) ii only d) iii only
Explanation
The 1916 Annual Session of Congress began with two significant developments. One, moderate leaders Pherozeshah Mehta and Gokhale, two main voices of opposition against the militant faction had died in 1915.
118. In which session of Indian National Congress the militant faction was admitted into the party?
a) Lucknow c) Pune
b) Calcutta d) Bombay
Explanation
In the Lucknow session of Indian National Congress, 1916 it was decided to admit the militant faction into the party.
119. Assertion (A): Annie Besant started the Home Rule League with the Support of the Congress.
Reasoning(R): Both the Congress and Home Rule worked dependently.
a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is True but R is False.
d) Both A and R is False.
Explanation
In September 1916 after repeated demands of her impatient followers Annie Besant decided to start the Home Rule League without the support of Congress. Both the leagues worked independently.
120. From which of these countries the Home Rule Movement in India borrowed its principles?
a) Ireland c) The Soviet Russia
b) Canada d) The United States of America
Explanation
The Home Rule Movement in India borrowed much of its principles from the Irish Home Rule Movement.
121. What were the objectives of the Home Rule Movement in India?
a) To use non-violent constitutional methods to achieve their goals.
b) To obtain the status of the Dominion.
c) To attain self- Government using constitutional methods.
d) All the above
Explanation
The Objectives of the Home Rule Movement were, to attain self-government within the British Empire by using constitutional means, to obtain the status of dominion, to use non-violent constitutional methods to achieve their goals.
122. By which of these the Muslims League and the Congress agreed for a self- government in India?
a) Poona Pact c) Lucknow Pact
b) Home Rule league d) Calcutta Pact
Explanation
Under the Lucknow Pact 1916, the Congress and the Muslim League agreed that there should be self-government in India as soon as possible. In return the Congress leadership accepted the concept of separate electorate for Muslims.
123. Choose the correct statements
i) The British India Government gave a consistent response to the Home Rule Movement.
ii) It suggested including more Indians in the Local Administrative bodies.
iii) The Demand of Swaraj was unpopular among the people of India
a) i only c) iii only
b) ii only d) None of the above
Explanation
The response of the government of British India to the Home Rule Movement was not consistent. Initially it stated that there should be reform to accommodate more Indians in local administrative bodies. As the demand for Swaraj was raised by Tilak and Annie Besant gained popularity the British used the same old ploy to isolate the leaders by repressing their activities.
124. Which of the announcement of British government promised a self- Government in India?
a) Montagu-Chelmsford reforms c) Minto Morely reforms
b) Rowlatt Act d) All the above
Explanation
In 1919 the British government announced the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms which promised gradual progress of India towards self-government.
125. Which of these acts provided arbitrary arrest and severe punishments?
a) The Rowlatt Act c) The Montagu reforms
b) The Minto Morely Act d) None of the above
Explanation
The British government enacted the Rowlatt Act by following the Montagu reforms in 1919 which provided for arbitrary arrest and strict punishment.