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Cultural And Political Geography 12th Geography Lesson 5 Questions in English

12th Geography Lesson 5 Questions in English

5] Cultural And Political Geography

1. Assertion (A): Culture is the way of life that characterizes a group of people.

Reasoning(R): A culture consists of various cultural components that vary between groups.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Culture is the total way of life that characterizes a group of people. There are thousands of cultures existing today and each contributes to global diversity. There are so many ways that people can be culturally different. Specifically, a culture consists of numerous cultural components that vary from one culture group to the other.

2. Which is not characterized under the cultural parameters?

a) Language

b) Cuisine

c) Status

d) Economy

Explanation

Some of the cultural parameters are religion, language, architecture, cuisine, technology, music, dress, gender roles, law, education, government, agriculture, economy, sport, values, and many more.

3. Choose the correct statements.

i) Culture has common cultural elements and has distinct cultural authority from other regions.

ii) Only a limited number of cultural components define the culture regions.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

A culture region is a portion of Earth that has common cultural elements and has distinct cultural authority from other regions. Any number of cultural components may be used to define culture regions.

4. State a culture region which is very small?

a) Spanish Harlem

b) Confucianism

c) Buddhism

d) Zoroastrianism

Explanation

Culture regions differ greatly in size. Some are exceedingly large, like the Islamic culture region that encompasses millions of square km of North Africa and Southwest Asia. Some are very small, like Spanish Harlem which encompasses about three square km of Manhattan.

5. Which of this region is covered under the Corn Belt area?

a) Mid Asian countries

b) Latin America

c) Mid-Western United States

d) Middle East countries

Explanation

Many others are of intermediate size, like the Corn Belt, which occupies a portion of the mid-western United States.

5. Which is known as the spread of cultural beliefs from one group to another group?

a) Cultural Diffusion

b) Culture Superiority

c) Cultural Relativism

d) Cultural Appropriation

Explanation

Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group of people to another.

6. Which of these factors used to increase the mixing of world culture?

a) Advanced Communication

b) Transport

c) Technology

d) All the above

Explanation

Mixing of world culture through different ethnicities, religions and nationalities has only increased with advanced communication, transport and technology.

7. Which of this organ define the Cultural Landscapes?

a) International committee on Heritage Documentation

b) World Heritage Committee

c) International committee on Cultural Routes

d) International committee on Cultural Tourism

Explanation

Cultural Landscapes have been defined by the World Heritage Committee as “cultural properties representing the combined works of nature and of man”.

8. How many categories of cultural landscapes are identified by the World Heritage Committee?

a) 5

b) 4

c) 3

d) 7

Explanation

The World Heritage Committee has identified and adopted three categories of cultural landscape.

9. Which is not a cultural landscape defined by the World Heritage Committee?

a) Associative Economic Landscape

b) Man-made landscape

c) Organically evolved landscape

d) Relict Landscape

Explanation

The three categories extracted from the Committee’s Operational Guidelines, are as follows:

(i) “A landscape designed and created intentionally by man”.

(ii) An “organically evolved landscape” which may be a “relict (or fossil) landscape” or a “continuing landscape”;

(iii) An “associative cultural landscape” which may be valued because of the “religious, artistic or cultural associations of the natural element”.

10. Choose the Incorrect statements.

i) Cultural interaction focuses on the relationships exist between cultural components to characterize a community.

ii) Culture shapes the identities and influences the behavior of the people.

iii) Culture refers to the sharing of sharing language, beliefs, values and norms which does not pass from generation to next generation.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Cultural interaction focuses on the relationships that often exist between cultural components that characterize a given community. Different factors interact with each other and give rise to prevalent trait. Culture shapes our identity and influences our behaviors. Culture refers to the sharing language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors and material objects, which are passed from one generation to the next generation.

11. Which of these geography deals the organization of various cultural aspects of the total environment?

a) Human Geography

b) Cultural Geography

c) Political Geography

d) Biogeography

Explanation

Cultural geography is the branch of human geography which deals about the real organization of various cultural aspects in relation to total environment.

12. Which of this factor is the primary instrument for culture transmission?

a) Language

b) Values

c) Behaviors

d) Objects

Explanation

Language plays great force in socialization and historical transmission, which is the primary instrument for transmitting culture.

13. Which of this country has the highest number of languages?

a) India

b) Papua New Guinea

c) The United States

d) Australia

Explanation

Human can bind any group of people through the network of interaction. Languages are in written or oral form. India (780) has the world’s second highest number of languages, after Papua New Guinea (839).

14. Identify the Incorrect Match

A. Habit i) Rules

B. Norms ii) Attitude

C. Custom iii) Verified behavior

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Custom in law is the established pattern of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting. Habit is a similar word which is adopted by an individual and it has been adopted by most of the people of the ethnic group or society. Norms refers to attitude and behaviors that are considered normal, typical or average within the group.

15. Which of these guide the behavior of people in a social group?

a) Habit

b) Custom

c) Cultural Norms

d) Values

Explanation

Cultural norms are the standards we live by. They are the shared expectations and rules that guide behavior of people within social groups

16. Assertion (A): Norms differ across various cultures which contributes cross-cultural effects.

Reasoning(R): Cultural Norms are learned from others in a society.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Cultural norms are learned and reinforced from parents, friends, teachers and others while growing up in a society. Norms often differ across cultures, contributing to cross-cultural misunderstandings.

17. What are all the culture’s values or beliefs?

a) Good

b) Right

c) Fair

d) All the above

Explanation

Values refer to intangible quality or beliefs accepted and endorsed by a society. A culture’s values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just.

18. Which does not fall under the Culture Heritage?

a) Practices

b) Behavior

c) Values

d) Artistic Expressions

Explanation

Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values.

19. What are all the tangible representations of the Cultural Heritage human activity?

a) Value systems

b) Traditions

c) Lifestyle

d) All the above

Explanation

Cultural Heritage is often expressed as either Intangible or Tangible Cultural Heritage. As part of human activity Cultural Heritage produces tangible representations of the value systems, beliefs, traditions and lifestyles.

20. In how many ways the Cultural heritage is distinguished?

a) 3

b) 5

c) 4

d) 7

Explanation

Cultural Heritage can be distinguished in: Built Environment (Buildings, Townscapes, and Archaeological remains), Natural Environment (Rural landscapes, Coasts and shorelines, agricultural heritage) and Artifacts (Books & Documents, Objects, and Pictures).

21. Assertion (A): Cultural diversity is having different cultures and giving respect to the differences.

Reasoning(R): Cultural Diversity is increasing nowadays due to various cultural, racial and ethnic groups.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Cultural diversity refers to having different cultures, respect to each other differences. Cultural diversity is important; because of work place and show increasingly consist of various cultural, racial and ethnic groups.

22. Which of the human characteristic is transmitted by various modes of communication?

a) Cultural Heritage

b) Cultural Norms

c) Cultural Trait

d) Custom

Explanation

A cultural trait is a characteristic of human action that’s acquired by people socially and transmitted via various modes of communication.

23. Choose the Incorrect statements.

i) Cultural traits allow a part of one culture to be transmitted to another.

ii) Culture traits are not related to each other and it’s a simple value of a culture.

iii) A Culture trait can be an object, a technique or an attitude.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) None of the above

Explanation

Cultural traits are things that allow for a part of one culture to be transmitted to another. There are millions of culture traits a trait can be an object, a technique, a belief or an attitude. Culture traits are interrelated with each other, their collective function forms culture complex.

24. How many categories of Cultural realm are categorized?

a) 4

b) 5

c) 3

d) 7

Explanation

Cultural realm refers to a type of cultural region. Cultural region is a continuous geographical area characterized by cultural homogeneity. It may be classified into three categories as macro, meso and micro region.

25. On what basis the cultural realm is not classified?

a) Religious belief

b) Language

c) Racial Group

d) Habit

Explanation

Cultural realm is classified based on the attitude, religious belief, language, racial group, technological development, etc.

26. How many Cultural realms are available in the modern world?

a) 10

b) 12

c) 25

d) 5

Explanation

There are twelve Cultural realms in the modern world. Let us discuss some of them briefly.

27. The Occidental Culture,

i) It is the Culture of the American Society.

ii) This culture is greatly influenced by the idea of Humanity.

iii) It has the regional modifications based on Industrialization, Commercialization, and Urbanization and political and Economic Institutions.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Occidental culture is the culture of the European society. It is influenced, to a great extent, by Christianity. It has regional modifications on the basis of varying levels of industrialization, political and economic thought, colonization, commercialization, urbanization, and development of transport system, land development of social, political and economic institutions.

28. Which of this factor sidelined the religious values of the Occidental culture?

a) Effect of Modernization

b) Other Religious ideas

c) Communalism

d) Technology Development

Explanation

In many parts of the occidental culture the impact of non-religious factors particularly the effect of modernization is so great that the religious values are sidelined.

29. How many sub regions are divided for the Occidental culture based on the impact of regional environment?

a) 5

b) 7

c) 6

d) 10

Explanation

Post- industrial Europe is fast emerging as a society where traditional values are nearly abandoned. The occidental culture covers a vast area. It is further divided into six sub-regions considering the impact of regional environment.

30. Choose the correct statements.

i) Mediterranean Europe has the dominance of Christianity.

ii) Continental European is the most Industrialized and urbanized culture.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

(i) West European is the most industrialized and urbanized culture.

(ii) Continental European culture is influenced by different political and economic thoughts, while Christianity remains an important influence.

(iii) Mediterranean Europe includes countries lying to the south of the Alps. It is the region of dominance of Christianity.

31. Which of these culture realms is the offspring of the West European culture?

a) Continental European

b) Anglo-American

c) Canadian

d) West European

Explanation

Anglo-American and Australian cultural realms are practically the offspring’s of west European culture. Both are inhabited by migrants from west Europe. There are only some regional differences.

32. Which of this Occidental culture is underdeveloped region?

a) Continental European

b) West European

c) Latin American

d) Anglo-American

Explanation

Latin American culture is very similar to the Mediterranean culture. It is the only region of occidental culture which lies in the tropics and is underdeveloped

33. What is the State language of the Occidental culture region?

a) Spanish

b) English

c) French

d) Persian

Explanation

The colonial languages, Spanish and Portuguese have become the state languages.

34. Which of these countries are having social tie up with the Occidental culture region?

a) South Asian Countries

b) Mediterranean Countries

c) American Countries

d) East Asian Countries

Explanation

Regional architecture has been influenced by the Spanish and Portuguese styles. Practically all countries maintain economic, cultural and social ties with the Mediterranean countries.

35. Which of these is the east boundary of the Islamic culture region?

a) China

b) Iran

c) Morocco

d) Pakistan

Explanation

The Islamic Cultural Realm is influenced by Islamic values. It covers a vast geographical area from Morocco in the west to Pakistan in the east.

36. State the reason for the sparse distribution of Islam?

a) Inhospitable Environment

b) Political Influence

c) Modernization

d) Western Culture

Explanation

The population is sparsely distributed due to inhospitable environment. The coasts, river basins and oases have been the cradles of Arabian culture in this realm.

37. Which is the east boundary of the Islamic culture region?

a) European Culture

b) Indian Culture

c) East Asian Culture

d) Western Culture

Explanation

The British call it the Middle-East while the Germans call it a region of oriental culture. This cultural realm lies between the traditional Indian culture in the east and the modernized European culture in the west.

38. Assertion (A): Islamic culture is highly orthodox and based on traditional beliefs.

Reasoning(R): The Literacy rate of the Islamic countries is very low because of the low level of modernization.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Islamic culture is highly orthodox and based on traditional beliefs, the impact of which can be seen in high female illiteracy rates. These countries have very high per capita incomes but the level of modernization is very low.

39. Who termed the Indian culture as the paddy culture?

a) Baker

b) D. Stamp

c) Toynbee

d) Mackinder

Explanation

India Cultural Realm is the culture of the Indian sub-continent. Baker called it a sub continental culture, while D. Stamp used the term paddy culture.

40. Identify the Incorrect Match.

A. North i) Himalayas

B. South ii) Indian Ocean

C. West iii) Hindu Kush

D. East iv) Sundarbans

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) iv only

Explanation

The Indian cultural realm is well-defined; it lies between Himalayas in the north, Indian Ocean in the south, and Hindu Kush Mountains in the west and the Arakanese in the east.

41. Which is not a characterization of the Indian Culture?

a) Joint family

b) Polygamy

c) Seasonal climate changes

d) Semi feudal Land relations

Explanation

This cultural realm is characterized by joint family, village community, caste system, semi feudal land relations, subsistence agriculture, paddy farming, seasonal climate changes and agricultural season coming at the same time all over the region.

42. What is the greatest influence of the Indian subcontinent culture?

a) Vedic Values

b) One God

c) Modern Values

d) Western Culture

Explanation

The culture of this region is greatly influenced by Vedic values. Though the region is inhabited by various communities, the social system has the hidden impact of Vedic cultural values.

43. Which region has the Buddhist culture?

a) West Europe

b) Indian Subcontinent

c) East Asia

d) Mediterranean

Explanation

East Asian Culture is basically a Buddhist culture with regional modifications.

44. Assertion (A): Japan and South Korea has the true Buddhist Culture.

Reasoning(R) : The Impact of Industrialization and modernization can be seen in Japan.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

True Buddhist culture can be seen in South Korea and Japan. Even these two countries have felt the impact of industrialization, urbanization and modernization.

45. When did China adopt the modified Buddhist system?

a) Before Colonization period

b) After Industrial Revolution Period

c) After Second World War

d) Before First World War

Explanation

The culture of mainland China has modified the Buddhist system. This culture was adopted after the Second World War.

46. Which of this culture is known to be a transitional culture?

a) East Indian Culture

b) Mediterranean Culture

c) West European Culture

d) South-East Asian Culture

Explanation

South-East Asian Culture is a transitional culture lying at a place where different cultures have intermingled.

47. Match

A. Philippines i) Islam

B. Malaysia ii) Buddhism

C. Indonesia iii) Christianity

D. Vietnam iv) Indie

a) ii, iii, iv, i

b) iii, i, iv, ii

c) i, iv, ii, iii

d) iv, ii, iii, i

Explanation

Dominance of Buddhism can be seen in Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Influence of Christianity can be seen in the Philippines and of Indie culture over islands of Indonesia. The Islamic influence is evident in Malaysia and the Indonesian islands. No other region has such peculiarities.

48. Which of these is known as Negro Culture?

a) Meso-African Culture

b) North African Culture

c) South-East European Culture

d) Mediterranean Culture

Explanation

Meso-African Culture This culture is also known as the Negro culture.

49. Which of these is not similar to the Negro culture?

a) Australian aboriginals

b) American Red Indians

c) Indian Subcontinent

d) Latin American Tribes

Explanation

The Negro culture principally includes tropical Africa. Similar cultural systems can be seen among the American Red Indians, Latin American tribes, Australian aboriginals and several tribes of Asia-Pacific region.

50. What is the term used by Toynbee for the Negro Culture?

a) Modernized Culture

b) Marginalized Culture

c) Feudal Culture

d) Tribal Culture

Explanation

Historian Toynbee has used the term ‘marginalized culture’ for these traditional culture units. Some geographers even include Eskimos under this cultural realm. Thus, it is a widely scattered cultural realm characterized by marginalized and relatively isolated communities.

51. Which is not true about the Folk culture?

a) Traditional

b) Rural area

c) Isolated

d) Extinct

Explanation

Folk Culture: Culture traits that are traditional no longer widely practiced by a large number of people and generally isolated in small, often rural, areas.

52. Assertion (A): Race is defined as a group of people with less permanent distinguishing characteristics.

Reasoning(R): The Skin color and Hair color of the people attach certain race interpretations.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Races: The race is a group of people with more or less permanent distinguishing characteristics. There are skin color and hair color to which persons concerned attach certain interpretations.

53. By which of this feature the race of a person is not identified?

a) Type of hair

b) Skin Color

c) Religion

d) Blood group

Explanation

The important features on the basis of which the races are identified and classified include skin color, stature, shape of head, face, nose, eye, type of hair, and blood group.

54. How many groups are classified in Human races?

a) 3

b) 4

c) 5

d) 7

Explanation

Human races are classified in to four broad groups: 1. Negroid, 2. Caucasoid, 3. Mongoloid and 4. Australoid.

55. Which of these race people live in sub-Sahara Africa?

a) The Negroid

b) The Mongoloid

c) The Australoid

d) The Caucasoid

Explanation

The Negroid: They are usually called as “black race”. They have the darkest skin tone than other races, and other common characteristics are the slopped forehead, thick lips, wide nose, and dark hairs. They are living in Sub-Sahara Africa.

56. The Mongoloid people,

i) Almond shaped Eyes

ii) Eskimos

iii) V shaped Cheeks

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

The Mongoloid: They have the folding eye lids, almond shaped eyes, yellowish skin tone, and V shaped cheeks. Native Americans and Eskimo are also classified as Mongoloid.

57. Which of these race people belong to East Asian region?

a) The Mongoloid

b) The Negroid

c) The Caucasoid

d) The Australoid

Explanation

Compared to the other races the mongoloid have the least body hair least body odor and smallest limb ratio. Their facial structure is likely to adapt cold mild wind. They are living in East Asia.

58. The Caucasoid people are also known as _____ have _____ eyes.

a) Modern, Blue

b) Black, Brown

c) White, Colorful

d) Stone Age people, Small

Explanation

The Caucasoid is known as “white people” characterized by the pointy nose, vertical forehead, pinkish/orange skin tone, visible brow ridge, and colorful eyes/hair.

59. Which of these features belong to the Australoid Race people?

i) Pointy nose

ii) Dark Skin tone

iii) Vertical Forehead

iv) Short in height

a) ii, iv only

b) ii, iv only

c) iii, iv only

d) i, iii, iv only

Explanation

Australoid Race: They have visible eye ridge, wide nose, curly hair, dark skin tone, and short in height. Some believe that their visible thick lips helps them to eat stiff foods. They are living in Australia and Papua New Guinea.

60. Which is referred to the shared culture way of life?

a) Ethnicity

b) Race

c) Culture Trait

d) Custom

Explanation

Ethnicity is a concept referring to a shared culture and a way of life. This can be reflected in language, religion, material culture such as clothing and cuisine and cultural products such as music and art.

61. Which is the largest ethnic group in the world?

a) Red Indians

b) Latin American

c) Han Chinese

d) Mediterranean

Explanation

Ethnicity is often a major source of social cohesion and social conflict. The world is home to thousands of different ethnic groups, from the Han Chinese the largest ethnic group in the world to the smallest indigenous groups some of which include only a few dozen people.

62. Which of these people belong to the oldest Indian civilization?

a) Red Indians

b) South East Asian Tribal

c) Indo-Aryans

d) Mongoloid People

Explanation

India is a unique country with great diversity in ethnicities, race, religion, language, culture, cuisine and in every other aspect of the human society. Indian civilization is one of the oldest in the world and primarily consists of the Indo-Aryans of North India and the Dravidians of South India.

63. When did the Indus Valley Civilization people migrate to India?

a) 200 AD

b) 1800 BC

c) 1000 BC

d) 500 AD

Explanation

The people of the Indus Valley Civilization migrated to the country at about 1800 BC. As India has such a diverse cultural demographic it makes sense that the country is also.

64. Which is not a major ethnic group of Dravidian people?

a) Tamil

b) Telugu

c) Kannada

d) Bengali

Explanation

The Dravidian people are any native speakers of the Dravidian languages in the Indian Subcontinent. Almost all the Dravidians live in the southern part of India. The five major ethnic groups of Dravidian people in India are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Tulu.

65. Name the major Kingdom of North-India after the arrival of Indo-Aryans?

a) Kuru

b) Marathas

c) Chola

d) Sultanates

Explanation

The ancient Indus Valley civilization in India was believed to have been of Dravidian origin in northern India but then the Dravidian people were pushed south when the Indo-Aryans came in and the Kuru Kingdom in northern Indian arose.

66. Assertion (A): Later South India was dominated by Cheras, Cholas and the Pandyas.

Reasoning (R): The Major language spoken by the Dravidian people were Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Brahui.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Later South India was dominated by the three Dravidian kingdoms of the Cheras, Cholas, and the Pandyas. These three kingdoms have been shown to sponsor the growth of literature, music, and the arts and to have done extensive trading. The major languages spoken by the Dravidian people are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Brahui.

67. Which is the Dravidian language written in the Arabic based script?

a) Urdu

b) Kannada

c) Tulu

d) Brahui

Explanation

Arabic script Brahui is the only Dravidian language which is not known to have been written in a Brahmi based script, instead, it has been written in the Arabic script since the second half of the 20th century in Iran Pakistan and Afghanistan.

68. Assertion (A): Religion is classified based on the belief in God.

Reasoning(R): The Polytheistic followers believe in many gods.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Religion may be classified based on the belief in god. Monotheistic: the followers of monotheism believe in a single god (Islam, Christianity). Polytheistic: the followers of polytheism believe in many gods (Hinduism).

69. Which of this classification of religion is not based on the area of origin?

a) Western Religion

b) African Religion

c) Eastern Religion

d) Northern Religion

Explanation

Another classification is on the basis of areas of origin such as Eastern religion, Western religion, far Eastern religion, African religion, Indian religion, etc.

70. Identify the correct Match

A. Animism i) Tribal religion

B. Buddhism ii) Ethnic religion

C. Judaism iii) Traditional religion

D. Shamanism iv) Universalizing religion

a) i only

b) iii only

c) ii only

d) iv only

Explanation

Geographers generally classify religions into following;

• Universalizing religions – Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.

• Ethnic religions – Hinduism, Shintoism (Japan), Chinese faiths, Judaism.

• Tribal or traditional religions – animism, shamanism, secular (non-religious and atheists)

71. Which of the following is the major religion of the world?

a) Sikhism

b) Confucianism

c) Judaism

d) Shintoism

Explanation

Major religions of the world are classified based on the followers. They are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism. Other important religions include Chinese folk religions, Sikhism, Confucianism, Shintoism etc.

72. Which of this religion is spread in Anglo America?

a) Judaism

b) Christianity

c) Shintoism

d) Islam

Explanation

Christianity is a universal religion which has the largest number of followers in the world. They are spread in Europe, Anglo America, Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. Its sacred book is “Bible”.

73. Choose the correct statements.

i) Islam is the second largest religion of the world.

ii) Shia and Sunni are the two main sectors of Islam religion.

iii) The Islam religion is concentrated in the Central Asia, South Asia and also in North Africa.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Islam is the second largest religion of the world. The largest concentration of the Islam is in the South West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia and South East Asia Followed by the North Africa. Shia and Sunni are its two main sects. Its sacred book is Kuran.

74. When was Hinduism founded in India?

a) 3000 BCE

b) 100 CE

c) 200 BCE

d) 1000 BCE

Explanation

Hinduism is the oldest ethnic religion of the world which was founded about 3000 B.C (B.C.E) in India. Today it has over 8 million followers in the world but main concentration is in India and Nepal.

75. Name the sacred book of Hinduism?

a) Bhagvad Gita

b) Thirukkural

c) Mahabharata

d) Shakuntala

Explanation

Nearly 99 percent of the total Hindu population is concentrated in south Asia. Its sacred book is Bhagavad Gita.

76. Choose the Incorrect statements.

i) Buddhism was founded by Lord Buddha.

ii) Buddhism is spread in Asian countries due to its liberal philosophy.

iii) It has three main sectors.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Buddhism is also one of the oldest religions of India which was founded by Lord Buddha around 525 B.C (B.C.E). Its spread in several Asian countries (China, Myanmar, India, Srilanka, japan, Magnolia, Korea and South East Asian countries) due to its liberal philosophy. Its two main sects are Hinayana and Mahayana.

77. Which religion is regarded as the parent of Christianity?

a) Zoroastrianism

b) Judaism

c) Mazdayasna

d) Confucianism

Explanation

Judaism is the oldest Monotheistic faith which is regarded as the parent of Christianity. It originates 4000 years ago in the Middle East. At present it has about 14 million followers living in U.S.A, Europe and Asia.

78. Assertion (A): Chinese religion has two beliefs called Confucianism and Taoism.

Reasoning(R): Taoism was established by Lao Tse.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Chinese religions include two main beliefs called Confucianism and Tao-ism. Confucianism was established by Confucius (551-479 B.C (BCE)). Taoism was established by Lao Tse (604-517 B.C (BCE)).

79. Choose the correct statements.

i) Jainism was founded by Lord Mahavira.

ii) Guru Nanak established Jainism in the 15th century.

iii) Gurumukhi is the accepted language of Jainism.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Jainism is also born in India as a reaction to orthodox Hinduism. It was founded by Lord Mahavira who was a Contemporary of Lord Buddha. Its followers are mostly concentrated in India. It is an offshoot of Hinduism which was established in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. It remained confined to Punjab state and has accepted Gurumukhi as its language.

80. Which of this religion is the special form of ethnic region?

a) Tribal religions

b) Confucianism

c) Judaism

d) Zoroastrianism

Explanation

Tribal religions are the special forms of ethnic religion. The tribal people are generally in the Neolithic stage of social development.

81. Choose the correct statement regarding the Tribal people.

i) The Tribal people cherish their own distinct and maintain close relation to land and natural environment.

ii) They live according to their traditions and are engaged in food gathering, hunting, fishing, and primitive agriculture.

iii) About four percent of the total population of the world living in more than sixty countries belongs to Tribal people.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Tribal people are strikingly different and diverse in their culture, social and economic life. They cherish their own distinct and have maintained a close relationship to the land and natural environment. Most of them live according to their traditions and are engaged in food gathering, hunting, fishing, primitive agriculture etc., there are about 300 million indigenous people worldwide, constituting about four percent of the total population of the world living in more than sixty countries.

82. Match

A. Bolivia i) 8.2 %

B. India ii) 40%

C. Greenland iii) 90%

D. Peru iv) 66%

a) i, iii, iv, ii

b) ii, iv, i, iii

c) iv, i, iii, ii

d) i, iii, iv, ii

Explanation

The percentage of tribal to total population is as high as over 90 percent in Greenland, 66 percent in Bolivia and 40 percent in Peru. In India share of tribal people to total population is 8.2 percent.

83. What is the belief of the tribal people termed as the fourth world?

a) Land belongs to the people

b) People belongs to the land

c) People and Land are inseparable

d) Nature is God

Explanation

The tribal people are being termed as the fourth world. The first – second and third world believed that “the land belongs to the people” whereas the fourth world believes that “the people belongs to the land”.

84. Match

A. Grasslands i) Bedouin

B. Tropical Deserts ii) Gonds

C. Mountainous region iii) Masai

D. Monsoon region iv) Gujjar

a) iii, i, iv, ii

b) i, iv, iii, ii

c) iii, ii, i, iv

d) ii, iv, i, iii

Explanation

Some major tribal group of the world particularly who are living and struggling

1. Equatorial Forest region: Pigmy, Semang, Sakai, Boro, Papuan, etc.

2. Grasslands: Masai, Kyrghizs, etc.

3. Tropical deserts: Bedouin, Bushman, Aborigines etc.

4. Mountainous region: Bhotia, gujjar, Naga etc.

5. Monsoon regions: Gonds, Santhals, Todas, Bhils, etc.

6. Arctic cold regions: Eskimo, Lapp, Alute, Chukchi etc.

85. Which of these people are called as Negrillos?

a) Kyrghizs

b) Lapp

c) Pigmies

d) Bushman

Explanation

The pigmies are Negroid people and are also called Negrillos. They are short stature, flat nosed, wooly haired, long headed and black people.

86. Which of these people are mentioned as Dwarf?

a) Negrillos

b) Pigmies

c) Negroid

d) All the above

Explanation

The average height of men and women of Negrillos are found 150cm. So they are also called dwarf.

87. Choose the correct statements.

i) The Pigmies live in scattered parts of tropical Central Africa.

ii) Pigmies mainly belong to the Congo basin.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

The pigmies are those who live in scattered parts of tropical Central Africa. They are found in many sub-groups in the equatorial forest region of Africa mainly in Congo basin 3ºN and 3ºS latitudes along both sides of the equator.

88. Which of these persons are known to be the best pastoral society in the world?

a) Masai

b) Semai

c) Sakai

d) Naga

Explanation

The Masai of east Africa belong to the pastoral society and are known as the best and most typical cattle herders not only of Africa but also of the world.

89. State the location of the Masai territory?

a) 10ºE and 65ºS

b) 5ºN and 35ºE

c) 1ºN and 6ºS

d) 10ºN and 8ºW

Explanation

Masai occupy the interior plateau of the equatorial Africa. The territory of the Masai lies between 1ºN and 6ºS latitudes and covers all the rift valleys in this region.

90. What is the meaning of Bedouin in Arab language?

a) Tribal of Deserts

b) Desert Dwellers

c) God’s own people

d) None of the above

Explanation

In Arabic, Bedouin means desert dwellers. The Bedouins are most important among the tribal of South West-Asia and North Africa.

91. Choose the Incorrect statements.

i) The Bedouins are the mixture of Mediterranean and Red Indian races.

ii) The Bedouins have long narrow face, prominent nose and dark eyed people.

iii) They belong to the desert areas of the Arabian Peninsula.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

The Bedouins occupy the desert areas of the Arabian Peninsula including Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Syria and Jordan. The Bedouins belongs to the mixture of Mediterranean and Armenian races. They are medium stature people with long narrow face, prominent nose, dark eyes and hair. Their complexion is wheatish to pale.

92. Which of these tribal people belongs to the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa?

a) Boro

b) Aborigines

c) Bushman

d) Papuan

Explanation

Bushman is the tribal people of Kalahari Desert in southern Africa who are still engaged in hunting and gathering economics. They are on constant run for both food and water.

93. Which of this region is not a homeland of the Bushman people?

a) Namibia

b) Yemen

c) Southern Angola

d) Botswana

Explanation

The homeland of Bushman people, Kalahari Desert lies in Botswana, Namibia and southern Angola. The bushman territory is a wide plateau about 2000 meters above the sea level with sub-tropical climate. The bushman are included in the Negroid stock.

94. State the other name of Eskimos.

a) Bedouins

b) Dwarf

c) Inuits

d) Negrillos

Explanation

Eskimos also called Inuits are tribes of tundra cold region in Canadian northland, Alaska, Greenland and north-eastern Siberian coastal region.

95. Which of these are not main physical characteristics of Eskimo’s?

a) Small snub nose

b) Straight Black Hair

c) Flat narrow face

d) Wheatish complexion

Explanation

The Eskimos are Mongoloid race. The main physical characteristics of the Eskimos are short stature, Flat narrow face, small snub nose, yellow –brown complexion and coarse straight black hair.

96. Name the hunting method followed by the Eskimos?

a) Igloo

b) Maupak

c) Inuit

d) Tundra

Explanation

Hunting and fishing are the main occupations of the Eskimos. They live in igloo and practice hunting way known as Maupak. The Eskimos wear clothes of caribous or reindeers skin and other furs.

97. Choose the Incorrect statements.

i) Eskimos are migratory by nature.

ii) The Sledge used by them for travelling is called Igloos.

iii) The Sledges are drawn by caribous, dogs or rain deer.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) None of the above

Explanation

Eskimos are migratory by nature and construct ice houses called Igloos. For travelling on ice shield the Eskimos use sledge which is usually built either of whale bone or of wood whichever is available. It is drawn by two or more dogs, caribous or rain deer.

98. Assertion (A): India has the largest population of the tribal people in the world.

Reasoning(R): More than 84.4 million people of tribal people lives in India.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

India is the home to large number of indigenous people who are still untouched by the lifestyle of the modern world. With more than 84.4 million, India has the largest population of the tribal people in the world.

99. What is the occupation of the tribal people in India?

a) Haunting

b) Coffee and Tea Estates

c) Trading

d) Cattle Herders

Explanation

The tribal people of India are also known as the adivasi are the poorest in the country which is still dependent on haunting, agriculture and fishing.

100. Which of these tribal people does not belong to India?

a) Bhils

b) Bhutias

c) Alute

d) Santhals

Explanation

Some of the major tribal groups in India include Gonds, Santhals, Khasis, Angamis, Bhils, Bhutias and Great Andamanese. All these tribal people have their own culture, tradition, language and lifestyle. There are more than 50 tribal groups in India. Most of the tribal belong basically to the Negroid, Australoid and Mongoloid racial stocks.

101. Who is known as the bow men of Rajasthan?

a) Bhils

b) Gonds

c) Santhals

d) Todas

Explanation

Bhils are popularly known as the bow men of Rajasthan. They are the most widely distributed tribal groups in India. They form the largest tribe of the whole South Asia.

102. Which of these does not belong to the division of Bhils?

a) Central Bhils

b) Rajput Bhils

c) Pure Bhils

d) Native Bhils

Explanation

Bhils are mainly divided into two main groups the central or pure bills and eastern or Rajput Bhils.

103. State the religious belief of the Gonds community?

a) Jainism

b) Nature Worship

c) Hinduism

d) Buddhism

Explanation

The Gonds are the tribal community mostly found in the Gond forests of the central India. They are one of the largest tribal groups in the world. Gonds have been largely influenced by the Hindus and for the long time have been practicing the Hindus culture and traditions.

104. Which of these tribes belong to the pre-Aryan period of Indian history?

a) Santhals

b) Todas

c) Gujjar

d) Naga

Explanation

Santhals are the third largest tribe in India. They belong to the pre- Aryan period and have been the great fighters from the time of the British.

105. In which of these Indian states Santhals belongs to?

a) Rajasthan

b) Gujarat

c) Odisha

d) Telangana

Explanation

Santhals are mostly found in the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand and Assam.

106. Munda tribes mainly found in the _______ region.

a) Jharkandha

b) Madhya Pradesh

c) Rajasthan

d) Uttar Pradesh

Explanation

Munda tribe mainly inhabit in the region of Jharkhand although they are well spread in the states of West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar.

107. What is the meaning of the word Munda?

a) Minister

b) Senapathy

c) Headman

d) The King

Explanation

Munda generally means headman of the village. Hunting is the main occupation of the Mundas tribe.

108. Which of these tribal people form the large part of population in the state of Meghalaya?

a) Khasi

b) Toda

c) Bhils

d) Santhals

Explanation

Khasi tribe is mainly found in the Khasi Jaintia hills in Meghalaya and in the states of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir. They form the large part of the population in the state of Meghalaya.

109. In which of this state the Angamis tribe belongs to?

a) Uttar Pradesh

b) Manipur

c) West Bengal

d) Nagaland

Explanation

Angami tribe belongs to the extreme north eastern part of the country, in the state of Nagaland. The total population of the Angamis is around 12 million.

110. What is the popular art form of Angami tribes?

a) Woodcraft

b) Kalamkari painting

c) Mural

d) Madhubani paintings

Explanation

Angami tribes are quite popular for their woodcraft and artwork.

111. Assertion (A): Losar is the main festival of the Bhutia tribal people.

Reasoning (R): The Angamis tribes of Nagaland celebrate the Sekrenyi festival.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Sekrenyi is the main festival celebrated among the Angamis in Nagaland. Losar and Losoong are the main festivals celebrated among the Bhutia tribes.

112. Which of these tribal people are of the Tibetan origin?

a) Gujjar

b) Nagas

c) Santhals

d) Bhutia

Explanation

Bhutia tribes are of the Tibetan origin. They migrated to Sikkim around 16th century.

113. What is the other name of the Bhutia tribes?

a) Gonds

b) Lachenpass

c) Lachungpass

d) Both b and c

Explanation

In the northern part of the Sikkim the Bhutia tribes are known as the Lachenpass and Lachungpass. Bhutias forms 14% of the total population of Sikkim.

114. Where does the Sentinelese tribe belong to?

a) North Sentinel Island

b) Nagaland

c) Tibet

d) West Africa

Explanation

North Sentinel Island is one of the most isolated places on earth. This remote island is home to the Sentinelese tribe, the most dangerous tribe in the world.

115. What is the occupation of the Sentinelese tribes?

a) Agriculture

b) Hunter-gatherers

c) Wood craft

d) Sea Traders

Explanation

The Sentinelese is hunter-gatherers, as agriculture is not known to them. Their diet consists mainly of coconuts and fish that can be found in the shallow waters around their shores.

116. Choose the correct statements regarding the Sentinelese tribes.

i) The Sentinelese tribal people are described as Stone Age people.

ii) The Men does not wear any ornaments except a thicker waist belt.

iii) The Women carry spears, bows and arrows.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

The Sentinelese would be described as Stone Age people. The women wear fiber strings tied around their waists, necks and heads. The men also wear necklaces and headbands, but with a thicker waist belt. The men carry spears, bows and arrows.

117. In which of these hills the Nagarjuna Sagar Sanctuary is situated?

a) Nagamalai Hills

b) Araku Valley

c) Horsely Hills

d) Nallamalai Hills

Explanation

Chenchu inhabit in the Nallamalai hills which have been the part of the Nagarjuna Sagar Tiger Sanctuary for centuries in Andhra Pradesh, India.

118. In which of these districts the Chenchu people are not found?

a) Srikakulam

b) Mahabubnagar

c) Kurnool

d) Prakasham

Explanation

Chenchu inhabit are mainly found in the districts of Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Praksham, Guntur, and Kurnool.

119. To which origin does the Great Andamanese tribes are classified?

a) Negroid

b) Caucasoid

c) Australoid

d) Mongoloid

Explanation

Great Andamanese is the Negroid tribe inhabitant in the Andaman group of Islands. They form the largest population among the other tribes found in these islands. According to the census the population of Great Andamanese is now limited to few individuals.

120. In which district does the tribal people of Tamil Nadu are highly concentrated?

a) Tiruvallur

b) Madurai

c) Nilgiris

d) Tirunelveli

Explanation

Tribes of Tamil Nadu are concentrated mainly in the district of Nilgiris. Of all the distinct tribes, the Kodas, the Thodas, the Irulas, the Kurumbas and the Badagas form the larger groups, who mainly had a pastoral existence. Other tribes include, Kattunayakan and Paliyan.

121. What is the main occupation of the tribal people of Tamil Nadu?

a) Agriculture

b) Fishing

c) Hunting

d) Pastoral Society

Explanation

According to census 2011, tribal population in Tamil Nadu is 7, 94,697. There are around 38 tribes and sub-tribes group in Tamil Nadu. The tribal people are predominantly farmers and they are much dependent on the forest lands.

122. Choose the Incorrect statements.

i) The settlements of the Toda people are known as Munds.

ii) The Women from the family of Toda’s occupied with milking and grazing their herd of buffaloes.

iii) God worship is not followed by the Toda people.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) None of the above

Explanation

Toda: Men from the family of the tribes are occupied in milking and grazing their large herds of buffaloes. Their settlements are known as ‘Munds’. They do not worship any god and their consciousness is cosmic. They live in Nilgiris. Today, there are about a thousand Todas left.

123. Assertion (A): The Badagas belong to the higher plateau of the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu.

Reasoning(R): The Badagas is an agricultural community.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Badagas: The Badagas belong to the backward class and are not classified as tribal. They are an agricultural community, dwelling in the higher plateau of the Nilgiris district in the state of Tamil Nadu.

124. Choose the correct statements.

i) The Badagas are engaged in Coffee plantations.

ii) They have a rich oral tradition of Folk tales, songs and poetry.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

The Badagas are engaged in tea cultivation and potato growing. They form the largest group of tribes and boast a rich oral tradition of Folk tales, songs and poetry. These tribes are Hindu and belong to the Shiva sect.

125. Which of these tribal people are concentrated in the Trichigadi area of the Nilgiri Hills?

a) Badagas

b) Kotas

c) Gonds

d) Todas

Explanation

The Kotas are mainly concentrated in the Tiruchigadi area in the Nilgiri hills. They are distinguished by their colorful Folk dances and are basically musicians who play at Badaa funerals.

126. What are the occupations of the Kota tribal people?

a) Iron smith

b) Potters

c) Carpenters

d) All the above

Explanation

The Kotas are mainly engaged in producing handicrafts. These tribes of Tamil Nadu are expert iron smiths, potters and carpenters. In order to maintain distance and status in society, the Kotas implement elaborate tattoos.

127. Which of these tribal people were known for their black magic and Witchcraft?

a) Todas

b) Badagas

c) Kurumbas

d) Kotas

Explanation

The Kurumbas tribes of this state inhabit the intermediate valleys and forests in Villages and were known for their black magic and witchcraft in the past. Their way of living today has changed from their original gathering and hunting existence to working in Coffee and Tea plantations as laborers.

128. Name the distinctive language of the Kurumbas?

a) Kurumbas

b) Tulu

c) Kannada

d) Tamil

Explanation

Kurumbas are perhaps the only main caste in southern India that has a specialized and distinctive Kurumbas Language.

129. Choose the Incorrect statements regarding the Irula tribes.

i) The Irula tribes belong to the lower slopes and forests at the base of the Nilgiri Hills.

ii) They are the third largest group of tribal people in Tamil Nadu.

iii) Irulas help in catching snakes and collect the snake venom.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

The Irula tribes of Tamil Nadu occupy the lower slopes and forests at the base of the Nilgiri Hills. They constitute the second largest group of tribes after the Badagas and are similar to the Kurumbas in many ways. This tribe produces honey, fruits, herbs, roots, gum, dyes etc., and trades them with the people in the plains. In the recent times the Irulas help in catching snakes and collect the snake venom.

130. Which is the food gathering tribal community of Tamil Nadu?

a) Paliyan

b) Todas

c) Irulas

d) Kurumbas

Explanation

Paliyan are of the food gathering communities of Tamil Nadu.

131. To which of these regions does the Paliyan tribes belong?

a) Nilgiri Hills

b) Anaimalai Hills

c) Palani Hills

d) Kazhugu Malai

Explanation

It is believed that the Paliyan originally belonged to the Palani hills. They are distributed in the districts of Madurai, Thanjavur, Pudukottai, Tirunelveli and Coimbatore.

132. What is the identification mark for various cultures?

a) Language

b) Tradition

c) Culture

d) Custom

Explanation

Language is an identification mark for different cultures. Because language is essential to communication, it strongly influences the sort of political, social and economic we create. As a result, economic and religious system frequently follows patterns of language distribution and political borders quite often parallel linguistic boundaries.

133. Which of these factors used to develop the Linguistic pluralism?

a) Linguistic Diffusion

b) Linguistic Diversity

c) Heterogeneous societies

d) Economic Development

Explanation

In modern times linguistic diffusion has been facilitated by trade, tourism, media and international organizations. It has helped in the development of the linguistic pluralism. The greatest linguistic diversity is attributed to heterogeneous societies.

134. What is the period of the Tamil Sangam Literature?

a) 3000 CE

b) 100 BCE

c) 300 BCE

d) 200 CE

Explanation

Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world. The earliest period of Tamil literature Sangam literature is dated from 300 BC (BCE) – AD (CE) 300. It has the oldest extant literature among Dravidian languages.

135. Assertion (A): Genetic Classification is based on the origin and historical development of the Languages.

Reasoning(R): The Languages descendant from the common ancestral language is called Proto-language.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

The classification of languages by origin and historical development is known as a genetic classification. The languages which are the descendants of common ancestral language are called proto – language.

136. Who classified the world languages and linguistic families?

a) Baker

b) D. Stamp

c) Toynbee

d) G. L. Trage

Explanation

G.L. Trage has classified the languages of the world into 7 linguistic phylum and 30 linguistic families. Linguistic families are further classified in to sub families of languages which denote major languages.

137. Match

A. Afro-Asiatic i) Yukaghir

B. Ural-Altaic ii) Egyptian

C. Palaeo Asiatic iii) Niger

D. African iv) Turkic

a) ii, iv, i, iii

b) i, iii, iv, ii

c) ii, iii, iv, i

d) iv, iii, i, ii

Explanation

1. Indo-European – a. Indo-Iranian, b. Latin or Romantic, c. Germanic, d. Balto –Slavic,e. Celtic, f. Hellenic

2. Sino-Tibetan – a. Chinese, b. Tibetan,c. Burman

3. Afro-Asiatic – a. Semitic, b. Egyptian. Cushitic, d. Chadic

4. African – a. Niger – Congo (Atlantic, Voltaic, Benu-Nagar)b. Sudanic (Chari-Nile, Saharan,)c. Click Languages (Khoisan)

5. Ural-Altaic – a. Finno-Igric, b. Turkic,c. Mangolic, d. Tunguzic

6. Dravidian- malayo – Polynesian- -a. Dravidian, b. Malayan, c. Melanesian d. Micronesian e. Polynesian, f. Austro-Asiatic.

7. Palaeo Asiatic- a.Yukaghir

138. Which of these is not categorized under the Dravidian languages?

a) Melanesian

b) Malayan

c) Dravidian

d) Chadic

Explanation

Dravidian- malayo – Polynesian- -a. Dravidian, b. Malayan, c. Melanesian d. Micronesian e. Polynesian, f. Austro-Asiatic

139. How many languages were identified by the 1961 census of India?

a) 276

b) 312

c) 187

d) 112

Explanation

India has a rich Linguistic heritage and has heterogeneous ethnic and social groups, which have their own languages and dialects. According to census of India 1961, there were 187 languages spoken by various sections of Indian society.

140. Assertion (A): The Eighth schedule of the Indian constitution has 22 officially recognized languages.

Reasoning(R): English language is also included in the Eighth schedule of constitution of India.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

22 languages excluding English are mentioned in the eighth schedule of the constitution of India as follows; Kashmiri, Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Assamese, Guajarati, Marathi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Sindhi, Sanskrit, Oriya, Nepali, Kongani, Manipuri, Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali of these languages,

141. Which of these amendment added Sindhi language in the Indian Constitution?

a) 21st Amendment Act

b) 44th Amendment Act

c) 14th Amendment Act

d) 27th Amendment Act

Explanation

14 were initially included in the Constitution. Subsequently, Sindhi was added in 1967 by 21st constitutional amendment act;

142. Which of these languages was added by the 71st Constitutional Amendment Act?

a) Telugu

b) Urdu

c) Konkani

d) Oriya

Explanation

Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added in 1992 by 71st Constitutional Amendment Act

143. In which year the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act was passed?

a) 2001

b) 2003

c) 2009

d) 2007

Explanation

Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali were added in 2003 by 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act.

144. How many major linguistic families is categorized in India?

a) 4

b) 7

c) 3

d) 5

Explanation

Indian Languages belong mainly to four linguistic families:

1. Austric – Munda, Mon-Khmer

2. Dravidan – Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Gondi, kurukh, orean, etc.

3. Sino- Tibetan- Bodo, Karen, Manipuri, etc.

4. Indo – Aryan – Hindi, Urdu, Sans.

145. Assertion (A): Dialect is a distinct language form of a certain region or social group.

Reasoning(R): Dialect cannot be understood by the speakers of the same language form.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Dialect is a distinct linguistic form peculiar to a region or social group but which nevertheless can be understood by speakers of other forms of the same language.

146. How many types of dialects are categorized?

a) 3

b) 2

c) 7

d) 5

Explanation

The two main types of dialects are the geographic dialect, spoken by the people of the same area or locality, and the social dialect used by people of the same social class, educational level or occupational group.

147. How many languages or dialects are considered to be endangered in India?

a) 12

b) 40

c) 20

d) 15

Explanation

More than 40 languages or dialects in India are considered to be endangered and are believed to be heading towards extinction as only a few thousand people speak them officials said.

148. How many non-scheduled languages are reported in India?

a) 22

b) 30

c) 56

d) 100

Explanation

According to a report of the census Directorate, there are 22 scheduled languages and 100 non –scheduled languages in India.

149. Identify the correct Match.

A. Himachal Pradesh i) 17

B. Andaman and Nicobar ii) 4

C. Manipur iii) 7

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

The scheduled languages are 11 from Andaman and Nicobar, Seven from Manipur and Four from Himachal Pradesh.

150. Which of these is not a major dialect of Tamil Nadu?

a) Chennai

b) Thanjavur

c) Tirunelveli

d) Madurai

Explanation

Tamil is an interesting language with a range of native dialects. The language has several charming improvisations in different regions of the state. Many people are familiar with the old and familiar dialects of Tamil such as Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli.

151. How many levels of language risk are identified by the UNESCO?

a) 7

b) 10

c) 6

d) 5

Explanation

UNESCO’S five levels of language risk: Safe, Vulnerable, Definitely endangered, Severely endangered, Critically endangered.

152. Match

A. Severely Endangered i) Widely spoken

B. Vulnerable ii) Children not speaking

C. Safe iii) Not spoken by children outside the home

D. Definitely Endangered iv) Spoken by oldest generation

a) iii, iv, ii, i

b) ii, iii, iv, i

c) iv, iii, i, ii

d) ii, iii, iv, i

Explanation

UNESCO’S five levels of language risk

Safe: Widely spoken

Vulnerable: Not spoken by children outside the home (600 languages)

Definitely endangered: Children not speaking (646 languages)

Severely endangered: Only spoken by oldest generations (527 languages)

Critically endangered: Spoken by only a few members of the oldest generation, often semi-speakers (577 languages)

153. How many critically endangered languages are identified by the UNESCO?

a) 300

b) 577

c) 527

d) 625

Explanation

UNESCO’S five levels of language risk includes: Critically endangered: Spoken by only a few members of the oldest generation, often semi-speakers (577 languages)

154. Define a State.

a) Independent

b) Sovereign Region

c) Bounded Area

d) All the above

Explanation

A State is an independent, sovereign region and its government exercise control over certain spatially defined and bounded area, whose borders are usually clearly defined and internationally recognized by other states.

155. Which is considered as the world’s first republic?

a) Vaishali

b) Washington

c) Shanghai

d) Babylon

Explanation

Vaishali was established as a republic by the 6th century B.C (BCE) prior to the birth of Gautama Buddha in 563 B.C (BCE) making it the world’s first republic.

156. Choose the correct statements.

i) The Nation state is a system of organization defined by geography, politics and culture.

ii) The Nation state must have a shared national identity, physical borders and a single government.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

The nation state is a system of organization defined by geography, politics and culture. The nation is cultural identity that is shared by the people, and the state is the governing administration. A nation state must have a shared national identity, physical borders and a single government.

157. What are the qualities of a nation-state?

a) Well defined Territory

b) Law of governance

c) Well organized people

d) All the above

Explanation

A nation-state is a political unit with a well-defined territory, inhabited by a people who are well-organized, possess sufficient powers and consider themselves to be a nation by virtue of certain binding factors which may be emotional and which are reflected in law and governance.

158. Assertion (A): International Frontiers were replaced by the lines by 1900.

Reasoning(R): A Frontier is a politico geographical area beyond defined borders of a political unit.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

International frontiers and boundaries separate land, rivers and lakes subject to different sovereignties. In 1900 frontiers had almost disappeared and had been replaced by boundaries that are lines. A Frontier is a politico geographical area, lying beyond defined borders of a political unit into which expansion could take place.

159. Which of these are demarcated by a boundary line?

a) Political Unit

b) Administrative Region

c) Geographical Region

d) All the above

Explanation

A boundary is a line demarcating the recognized limit of an established political unit, administrative region or geographical region e.g. a state, country or district.

160. How many countries share the border with China?

a) 23

b) 10

c) 14

d) 17

Explanation

China has the maximum number of neighbors touching its border. The 14 countries touching its border are: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Bhutan and Nepal.

161. Which of these country shares the longest international border with the United States?

a) Canada

b) Brazil

c) Chile

d) Mexico

Explanation

Canada, the world’s second largest country, shares the longest international land border with the United States. The Canada-US land border is 8,893 km long.

162. Name the classification of boundaries according to their cultural landscape relationship?

a) Functional Classification

b) Normal Classification

c) Genetic Classification

d) Both a and c

Explanation

Boundaries can be classified according to their relationship with the cultural landscape. Some boundaries were established prior to the permanent occupation of areas by the present inhabitants. In some cases patterns of settlement were already developing so that the boundary ultimately established has a different relationship to the cultural realities of the area involved. This classification is known as the functional or genetic classification of boundaries.

163. Choose the correct statements.

i) The Frontiers are Dynamic.

ii) The Boundary Lines have the Linear Concept.

iii) Frontiers don’t have any political dispute.

iv) Boundaries are mostly natural.

a) i, ii, iii only

b) ii, iv, only

c) ii, iii, iv only

d) i, iv only

Explanation

164. Which is not a genetic classification of the boundary?

a) Natural Boundary

b) Subsequent Boundary

c) Relict Boundary

d) Superimposed Boundary

Explanation

Genetic Classification of the boundaries: Antecedent Boundaries, The Subsequent Boundaries, Superimposed Boundaries and Relict Boundaries

165. Assertion (A): Geo politics study involves a country’s size and influence of its power with other countries.

Reasoning(R): Political activity is influenced by the physical features of a country.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Geopolitics: Global Strategic views the study of the way a country’s size, position, etc., influence its power and its relationships with other countries. Political activity is influenced by the physical features of a country or area of the world.

166. Which of these geographical factors considered by the Geo Politics?

a) Territory

b) Population

c) Natural Resources

d) All the above

Explanation

Geo politics is concerned with how geographical factors including territory, population, strategic location, and natural resources endowments as modified by economics and technology affect the relations between states and the struggle forward domination. It is battle between land power and sea power which is going to lead the world continents by one.

167. Who defined the political history of the world as struggle between land and sea powers?

a) Stamp

b) Toynbee

c) Mackinder

d) Baker

Explanation

Mackinder described the political history of the world as continuous struggle between land and sea powers. According to him, the Columbian era of sea powers, which gave Europe its pivotal position for four centuries is coming to an end.

168. How many tiers of earth were divided by Mackinder?

a) 2

b) 7

c) 5

d) 3

Explanation

Mackinder described in the struggle between land and sea powers, the ultimate victory is going to be of one possessing land powers. He divided the earth into 3 tiers.

169. Match

A. Marginal Crescent i) Great Britain

B. Insular Crescent ii) Eastern Europe

C. Heartland iii) North Sahara

a) ii, i, iii

b) i, iii, ii

c) iii, i, ii

d) ii, iii, i

Explanation

1) The Heartland – area of interior and Arctic drainage in the Eastern Europe, covered by mountains on three sides and Arctic in north. This is a natural fortress on earth, inaccessible to sea powers.

2) The Inner or Marginal Crescent – area of Europe and Asia adjoining the Heartland and Africa, north of Sahara

3) The Outer or Insular Crescent – It includes North and South America, Africa (south of Sahara) and Australia. Besides, it also includes the Great Britain and Japan because of their insularity from Eurasia.

170. Who is considered to control the world according to Mackinder?

a) Control over the Heartland

b) Marginal Crescent Controlling Authorities

c) Great Emperors

d) Economically Developed Country

Explanation

According to Mackinder, one with control over Heartland will be in an unstoppable position to rule the world. Heartland, with its agricultural and industrial resources would conquer the inner crescent and Outer crescent would follow later.

171. Which is not true according to Mackinder theory?

a) Who rules east Europe commands the Heartland.

b) Who rules Heartland commands World Peace.

c) Who rules Heartland commands World Island.

d) Who rules World Island commands the World.

Explanation

Mackinder conceptualized his theory as: Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland.

Who rules Heartland commands World Island.

Who rules World Island commands the World

172. According to Mackinder which of these powerful countries should be separated by creating buffer states?

a) Germany, France

b) Russia, China

c) Germany, Russia

d) Saudi Arabia, China

Explanation

Mackinder later argued that key to control Heartland lays in Eastern Europe, reflecting a powerful strand of pre and post- Versailles geographical thinking concerning the news to separate the powerful states of Germany and Russia by the creation of ‘buffer states’.

173. Choose the correct Statements.

i) Mackinder theory was tested during the World War I.

ii) The Heartland was controlled by China during the World War II.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

Influence – Mackinder theory was put to test during the World War II when the Heartland could become the power center of the world if either Germany unites with Russia or China or Japan thrashes Russia. But the shattering defeat of Germany turned Heartland into a power vacuum.

174. Which of these makes the Heartland inaccessible?

a) North Sea

b) Iranian Plateau

c) Siberian Mountains

d) Kanjanjunga

Explanation

The heartland is inaccessible from top because North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea are all frozen throughout the year. The heartland is inaccessible from the bottom because of Middle Eastern desert, Iranian Plateau, Himalayas, Plateau’s of Tibet and Siberian mountains. This makes heartland immune to any conquests from any other side than Eastern Europe.

175. Which is the only accessible gateway to the Heartland?

a) Himalayas

b) Eastern Europe

c) Alaska Mountains

d) Western Russia

Explanation

The only gateway to the heartland is through Eastern Europe. So, protecting one gateway would be far easier than protecting the whole land. Moreover, the heartland was self-sufficient with most of the resources and wasn’t dependent on trade from outside world.

176. Assertion (A): In 1904, the Mackinder theory was not applicable in the Heartland of the World Island.

Reasoning(R): Mackinder believed that the one who controls the heartland would be able to control the World-Island.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Mackinder believed that the one who controls the heartland would be able to control the Rim land and as a result the world-Island and the one, who rules the world Island, would rule the world. Although this theory made sense at that time (1904), when there was no significant aviation and naval power, it does not make much sense now.

177. How the Unipolar world is characterized by the United States?

a) Unilateral Initiatives

b) Indirectly

c) Lead from Behind

d) All the above

Explanation

The unipolar world is characterized by the US’ predominant hegemony in a wide variety of spheres, whether exercised directly through unilateral initiatives or indirectly (“Lead From Behind”) through its regional and institutional partners.

178. Why the Multipolar forces wanted to replace the US led unipolar world?

a) To initiate new economic development

b) To balance the International Affairs

c) To motivate the developing countries

d) All the above

Explanation

The Multipolar forces in the world are working to replace the US-led international order with a diversified array of multiple stakeholders in order to bring balance to International Affairs.

179. Choose the correct statements.

i) The International affairs are balanced by the International Institutions such as UN, IMF, World Bank.

ii) BRICS-plus is the new initiative to encourage the multilateral co-operation in international organizations.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

Importantly, they seek to do this through progressively reforming international institutions such as the UN, IMF, World Bank, and others, as well as creating their own counterparts to some of them like the BRICS New Development Bank or outright forming entirely new and unprecedented organizations like the SCO. One of the latest proposals has been to broaden the BRICS format through what has now been called the “BRICS-Plus” strategy which essentially seeks to have each of the five member states encourage multilateral cooperation between each other’s respective regional integration organizations.

180. Choose the correct statements.

i) The United States control over the world through economic means by the military forces.

ii) The United States is unable to attack directly without suffering damage through nuclear strikes.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

The basis of American control over the world is through economic means as enforced by military ones. In certain cases, though, the US is unable to directly attack its rivals such as Russia and China without suffering unacceptable damage through a nuclear second strike, ergo why Washington is pushing to build anti-missile installations all around Eurasia in order to ring in these Great Powers and diminish their most credible deterrent capability. Complementary with this are the US’ space weapons, whether based in this theatre (X37-B and the policy of “Prompt Global Strike”) or directed towards it (anti-satellite weapons, whether kinetic such as missiles or non-kinetic like lasers).

181. Choose the correct statements.

i) The US missile shields and space related weapons make the country to defend from the submarine launched missiles.

ii) The Russia, China and other countries have a naval race with the US.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

Neither the US’ missile shields nor its space-related weaponry are sufficient enough for ensuring that the country is defended from submarine-launched ballistic missiles, which form a crucial component of any country’s nuclear triad. This explains why there’s an ongoing naval race across the world as the US seeks to ensure its dominance in the high seas in the face of rising competition from Russia, China, and others.

182. Which of these are the chokepoints of China to block the US efforts in international waterways?

a) Otranto Strait

b) Mesina Strait

c) Strait of Malacca

d) Pak Strait

Explanation

The global ocean is also important for another reason as well, and this one relates back to the economic basis of American dominance over the world. China depends on the international waterways for the vast majority of its trade, which makes it inordinately vulnerable to any US efforts to block certain chokepoints such as the Strait of Malacca and Suez Canal.

183. To which country China needs to secure the growing economics through the Sea Line of Communication?

a) Japan

b) Africa

c) The United States

d) The Britain

Explanation

Understanding the sudden systemic shaking consequences that any hostile action could inflict for China’s domestic socio-economic stability, the People’s Republic prudently foresaw the need to pioneer ambitious trans-continental trade routes to its crucial European partner, as well as secure the Sea Lines Of Communication (SLOC) along its existing maritime ones in order to safeguard its access to the growing economics of Africa.

184. In which part of western hemisphere China want to counter America’s movement?

a) South China Sea

b) Japan

c) Southwest Alaskan

d) Pacific Ocean

Explanation

As for the Western Hemisphere, China wants to increase its soft presence here as a means of competing with the US and asymmetrically countering America’s moves in the South China Sea.

185. What is the vision of the China’s One Belt One Road design?

a) To improve the world Trading network

b) To facilitate the transition from unipolar to multipolar powers diversified

c) To explore a new design of road from America to China

d) To establish the trade in Asian Countries

Explanation

The essence of China’s One Belt One Road (OBOR) global vision of New Silk Road connectivity is designed to transform the world’s trading networks so as to facilitate the transition from a unipolar American-led international order to a diversified Multipolar one safeguarded by a host of Great Powers.

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