Environmental Concerns and Globalisation 12th Political Science Lesson 12 Questions in English

12th Political Science Lesson 12 Questions in English

12] Environmental Concerns and Globalisation

1. When International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was established?

1. 1948
2. 1952
3. 1958
4. 1961

Explanation

The second overture in this track with the establishment of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1948 which lifted the global environmental narrative to a higher trajectory. Since then, efforts were accelerated on lines of crafting a set of international laws regarding environmental protection.

2. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The topics of securitization and protection of environment is a natural off shoot of the complex relations that exist between the human life and ecology. Nature in its capacity as a life-supporting system has various implications across different spectra including ecology, peace, conflict, human rights and security.
2. Given the irreplaceable role played by nature in the sustenance of life, an institutional approach vis-à-vis environment was found necessary. Hence, environmental law emerged as the sole option which could transact proper business in the realm of ecological equilibrium.
3. Although the institutional manifestations and legal frameworks as an expression of international interests in the protection of environment is a 20th century product, the very germination of the seeds of environmental thought from an institutional perspective dates back to 1872 since the formation of a non-governmental congress of private citizens for the protection of nature.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

3. The formation of a non-governmental congress of private citizens in 1872 for the protection of nature later led to the establishment of a consultative commission at where?

1. Berne
2. Florida
3. Gothenburg
4. Oslo

Explanation

The formation of a non-governmental congress of private citizens in 1872 for the protection of nature. It later led to the establishment of a consultative commission at Berne to deal with international protection of nature. However, the First World War made the commission’s activities futile. But, after the World War II, the commission was rechristened as the first intergovernmental body, with legal recognition, for environmental protection.

4. The Brunnen Conference for Protection of Nature in 1947, sponsored by which league, adopted a draft constitution for the International Union for the Protection of Nature?

1. Britain league
2. European league
3. Swiss league
4. Japanese league

Explanation

The Brunnen Conference for Protection of Nature in 1947, sponsored by the Swiss League, adopted a draft constitution for the International Union for the Protection of Nature. There has been further institutional evolution on environmental matters.

5. As far as the UN is concerned, which among the following is the only organ which directly works on environmental policies?

1. UNESCO
2. ECOSOC
3. IUCN
4. IMF

Explanation

As far as the UN is concerned, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the only organ which directly works on environmental policies. Besides, around eight of the specialized bodies within the UN ambit also directly engage with environmental concerns. With the constitution of UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) in 1945, the post-war phase gained a boost on building consensus on environmental issues.

6. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The protection of environment as a global requirement is a post-industrialization revelation. Major concerns like deforestation, industrial pollution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, depletion of ozone layer, global warming and the consequent rise sea levels etc. have been acknowledged to be matters that require immediate and serious interventions given the adverse impacts they cause.
2. In 1988, the UNESCO General Assembly, through its “World Charter for Nature”, underscored that the entire humanity is a part of nature, and life depends on nature. Globally, the UN continues to be the lynchpin in global environmental governance, through its organs and various specialized agencies
3. The idea of sustainable development that propels the contemporary debate of environmentalism focusses immensely on conservation of biodiversity in terms of prevention of environmental pollution, protection of wetlands, and promotion of ecological balance.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

In 1982, the UN General Assembly, through its “World Charter for Nature”, underscored that the entire humanity is a part of nature, and life depends on nature. Globally, the UN continues to be the lynchpin in global environmental governance, through its organs and various specialized agencies.

7. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Environmental law, in its policy dimension, is a collection of agreements, treaties, conventions, declarations, principles, opinions of jurists, practices and pertaining to mutual rights and obligations among states. The success of environmental law as method relies upon the cooperation and coordination among states by means of international responsibility on ecological considerations at any policy arena given.
2. Environmental diplomacy has become an important subset of internationalism in the 1970s. Numerous efforts, formally and informally, have been afoot to protect the environment at the international level. The United Nations (UN) remains the main impetus and driver of incorporating environmental concerns in this direction.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

8. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The Convention on dryland, also called the Ramsar Convention, is an international treaty calling for “the conservation and wise use of all drylands through local and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world”.
2. It was adopted at Ramsar, Iran in 1971 and came into force in 1975. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) is the depository of the Convention. On 21 August 2015, the Contracting Parties approved the Four Ramsar Strategic Plan for 2016-2024.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

The Convention on Wetlands, also called the Ramsar Convention, is an international treaty calling for “the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world”.

9. In which month the World Wetlands Day is celebrated each year?

1. March
2. September
3. May
4. February

Explanation

The World Wetlands Day is celebrated on 2nd February every year. The Montreux Record is “a register of wetland sites on the List of Wetlands of International Importance where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference”. It is maintained as part of the Ramsar List.

10. Which among the following is not the pillar of Ramsar Convention on which the contracting parties commit to?

1. Work towards the wise use of all their wetlands
2. Ill suited wetland should be shifted for suitable land which profits for the environment
3. Designate suitable wetlands for the list of Wetlands of International Importance and ensure their effective management
4. Cooperate internationally on transboundary wetlands, shared wetland systems and shared species

Explanation

Under the three pillars of the Convention, the contracting parties commit to: 1) Work towards the wise use of all their wetlands; 2) Designate suitable wetlands for the list of Wetlands of International Importance (the “Ramsar List”) and ensure their effective management; 3) Cooperate internationally on transboundary wetlands, shared wetland systems and shared species.

11. In which year the World Heritage Convention sought to identify and protect the world’s natural and cultural heritage considered to be of Outstanding Universal Value?

1. 1981
2. 1977
3. 1972
4. 1988

Explanation

The World Heritage Convention in 1972 sought to identify and protect the world’s natural and cultural heritage considered to be of Outstanding Universal Value. It defines the criteria for the selection of natural and cultural sites to be inscribed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List. The enforcement of the Convention is carried out through the Operational Guidelines, which reflects the procedures for new inscriptions, site protection, danger-listings, and the provision of international assistance under the World Heritage Fund.

12. Which among the following is not the technical advisory committees that assists World Heritage Committee?

1. IUCN
2. ICOMOS
3. IUCOS
4. ICCROM

Explanation

The World Heritage Convention is administered by the World Heritage Committee supported by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, which is the secretariat of the Convention based at Paris. The Committee is also assisted by the three technical advisory committees – IUCN, ICOMOS and ICCROM.

13. The UN Conference on the Human Environment is also known as ___

1. Geneva conference
2. Stockholm conference
3. Paris conference
4. Vienna conference

Explanation

The UN Conference on the Human Environment or the Stockholm Conference was the fi rst major multilateral conference on environmental issues. It was held at Stockholm in Sweden from June 5-16, 1972.

14. How many Governments attended the UN Conference on the Human Environment in Sweden from June 5-16, 1972?

1. 82
2. 96
3. 108
4. 114

Explanation

UN Conference on the Human Environment in Sweden from June 5-16, 1972 was attended by delegations from 114 governments, was a breakthrough by scripting a new discourse on environmental politics by laying the foundation of a global environmental governance regime based on international cooperation. Th e United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), was also an institutional innovation of the Stockholm Conference.

15. Which among the following is a multilateral environmental agreement, which kick-started global cooperation for the protection of Earth’s ozone layer adopted in 1985?

1. Oslo Convention
2. Vienna Convention
3. Basel Convention
4. Berlin Convention

Explanation

The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is a multilateral environmental agreement, which kick-started global cooperation for the protection of Earth’s ozone layer. It was adopted on 22 March 1985.

16. Which Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was adopted on 16 September 1987 which came into effect in 1989?

1. Montreal protocol
2. Florida protocol
3. Vienna protocol
4. Kyoto protocol

Explanation

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was adopted on 16 September 1987 which came into effect in 1989. This international treaty looks into eliminating the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).

17. Where the Ozone Secretariat is located?

1. Nairobi
2. Tokyo
3. Moscow
4. Rio de Janeiro

Explanation

The Ozone Secretariat located at Nairobi, Kenya is the Secretariat for both the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol.

18. The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), also known as ______

1. Bondevik commission
2. Willoch commission
3. Brundtland commission
4. Stoltenberg commission

Explanation

The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), also known as the Brundtland Commission after its chairperson Gro Harlem Brundtland, helped chalk out the strategies for environmental conservation and sustainable development.

19. Which Convention came into force in 1992, was a response to NIMBY (Not in My Back Yard) syndrome?

1. Oslo Convention
2. Vienna Convention
3. Basel Convention
4. Berlin Convention

Explanation

The Basel Convention which came into force in 1992, was a response to NIMBY (Not in My Back Yard) syndrome, that grappled the industrialized world in the 1980s with regard to the heightening concerns about the hazardous wastes and the public resistance to it resulting in an upsurge of disposal costs.

20. Which among the following statement is incorrect

1. World Commission on Environment and Development final report titled Our Common Future, published in 1987 underscores the interdependence of environmental protection with other factors like economic development and energy production and have become the lynchpin of the international environmental law until now.
2. Basel Convention created a market for hazardous wastes particularly in the environmentally-less conscious Least Developed Countries (LDCs) which offered cheap disposal alternatives. The Convention sought to reduce the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes by taking necessary steps to minimize the creation of such wastes along with measures to prohibit the shipment of such substances from the developed world to the LDCs.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

21. Where the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held during 3-14 June 1992?

1. Nairobi
2. Tokyo
3. Moscow
4. Rio de Janeiro

Explanation

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which also earned fame as the Earth Summit, was held on during 3-14 June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro. Th e Summit which is credited to be the biggest international conference in the history of international relations, focussed on myriad issues ranging from patterns of production to alternative sources of energy, public transportation and the growing need for environmental awareness.

22. Which among the following is not the documental results of the two-week summit during 3-14 June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro?

1. Agenda 21
2. European convention on Biological Diversity
3. The Statement of Forest Principles
4. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Explanation

Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the Statement of Forest Principles, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity are the documental results of the two-week summit during 3-14 June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro.

23. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The Rio in 1992 process also triggered the constitution of a couple of follow-up mechanisms such as the Commission on Sustainable Development, Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable Development, and the High-level Advisory Board on Sustainable Development. The conference was also regarded as the ‘Parliament of the World’.
2. As the only legally binding international agreement connecting environment and development on lines of sustainable land management, the 1994 UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) aims to address a range of most vulnerable ecosystems, particularly the arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, known as the drylands.
3. The newly adopted UNCCD 2015- 2030 Strategic Framework, through its Land Degradation Reduction (LDR) measures, is a bid to restore the productivity of the degraded lands along with improving the livelihood of people in these regions. The Secretariat of the Convention, established in 1999, functions at Paris in France.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

The newly adopted UNCCD 2018- 2030 Strategic Framework, through its Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) measures, is a bid to restore the productivity of the degraded lands along with improving the livelihood of people in these regions. The Secretariat of the Convention, established in 1999, functions at Bonn in Germany.

24. Since 2001, the Conference of Parties (COP), which is the supreme decision-making apparatus, meets biennially and have had how sessions till date?

1. Eight
2. Ten
3. Thirteen
4. Sixteen

Explanation

Since 2001, the Conference of Parties (COP), which is the supreme decision-making apparatus, meets biennially and have had 13 sessions till date. Th e Ankara and Changwon Initiatives are the latest the agenda launched by the UNCCD.

25. Which among the following statement is correct

1. In a bid to review the progress of the post-Earth Summit environmental regime, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) convened a Special Session on Implementation of Agenda 21 during June 23-27, 1997.
2. The session sought to scrutinise the trajectory of the success of Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and attempted to evolve a new narrative on the environmental conservation by intensifying the commitment of member states.
3. The special session, which is also known as “Earth Summit + 10”, adopted “Programme for the Further Implementation of Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, including Statement of Commitment”.
4. Only 1
5. Both 1 and 2
6. Both 1 and 3
7. Both 2 and 3

Explanation

The session sought to scrutinise the trajectory of the success of Agenda 21 and attempted to evolve a new narrative on the environmental conservation by intensifying the commitment of member states. The special session, which is also known as “Earth Summit + 5”, adopted “Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, including Statement of Commitment”.

26. Which protocol adopted on 11th December 1997, is an international environmental treaty that imposed legal commitment on the ratified State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions?

1. Montreal protocol
2. Paris protocol
3. Vienna protocol
4. Kyoto protocol

Explanation

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted on 11th December 1997, is an international environmental treaty that enhances the scope of the UNFCCC (1992) that imposed legal commitment on the ratifi ed State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

27. When Kyoto protocol came into force?

1. 2001
2. 2005
3. 1998
4. 2010

Explanation

The Kyoto protocol came into force on 16th February 2005. Considering the historical responsibility of the developed world for the high levels of GHG footprint, the treaty places a stringent mandate on them under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities”.

28. Where the COP7 held in 2007 adopted the detailed framework for the Kyoto protocol?

1. France
2. Finland
3. Morocco
4. Sweden

Explanation

The COP 7 held at Marrakesh in Morocco in 2007 adopted the detailed framework for the Kyoto protocol. It is usually referred to as the “Marrakesh Records”.

29. Where the Kyoto protocol was amended on 8 December 2012?

1. India
2. Qatar
3. Dubai
4. Kuwait

Explanation

After the first commitment which began in 2008, the Kyoto protocol was amended on 8 December 2012 at Doha, Qatar.

30. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol endorsed a third commitment to the Annex II countries starting from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2022. Along with a series of changes on certain Articles, the protocol now requires the State Parties to report a revised list of GHG for the period second commitment.
2. Unlike the first commitment target of reducing emissions to an average of five per cent below 1990 levels, a minimum eight per cent reduction against the same year benchmark is expected under the second commitment.
3. The three market-based mechanisms identified by the Kyoto Protocol to meet the targets are International Emissions Trading, Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation, which help support green investment and provide cost-eff ective means to realize the emission targets.
4. Only 3
5. Both 1 and 2
6. Both 1 and 3
7. Both 2 and 3

Explanation

The Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol endorsed a second commitment to the Annex I countries starting from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2020. Along with a series of changes on certain Articles, the protocol now requires the State Parties to report a revised list of GHG for the period second commitment.

31. Where the UN-backed World Summit on Sustainable Development took place during August 26 – September 6, 2002?

1. India
2. South Africa
3. Indonesia
4. Malaysia

Explanation

The UN-backed World Summit on Sustainable Development took place at Johannesburg, South Africa during August 26 – September 6, 2002. The Convention which was informally referred to as Earth Summit 2002 went on to resuscitate the spirit of its prequel by tabling new challenges and concerns that affect the environmental realm.

32. Which among the following statement is incorrect regarding World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002

1. Earth Summit 2002 renewed environmentalism in the new format offered a sustainability driven roadmap in addressing the problems of the millennium. The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development, the documental by-product of the summit, reemphasized the basic tenets of the multilateral initiatives in the past with more force.
2. It postulated the necessity of a time-bound structure of actions expected from the member states over an array of agreements except Agenda 21. Moreover, the Convention resist to severe castigations from various quarters over its ability to bring any new arrangement of its own.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

It postulated the necessity of a time-bound structure of actions expected from the member states over an array of agreements including Agenda 21. Moreover, the Convention succumbed to severe castigations from various quarters over its inability to bring any new arrangement of its own.

33. Where the UN Conference on Sustainable Development was held on 20-22 June 2012?

1. Nairobi
2. Tokyo
3. Moscow
4. Rio de Janeiro

Explanation

The UN Conference on Sustainable Development, was held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 20-22 June 2012. With its uncompromising stand on rolling out an affirmative sustainable development plan, the member states focussed on evolving a process for the development of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that combines with Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

34. The UN Conference on Sustainable Development, also known as ____

1. Rio+10
2. Rio+15
3. Rio+20
4. Rio+30

Explanation

The UN Conference on Sustainable Development, also known as Rio+20. The adoption of ground-breaking guidelines for green economy policies was another result of the Rio+20. The conference also sought to constitute an inter-governmental process under the General Assembly to frame a strategy concerning finance vis-à vis sustainable development.

35. Which among the following is the theme of UN Conference on Sustainable Development,2012?

1. The Future We Want
2. The World We Want
3. The Environment We Want
4. The Changes We Want

Explanation

The conference also sought to constitute an inter-governmental process under the General Assembly to frame a strategy concerning finance vis-à vis sustainable development. An agreement to establish a high-level political forum for sustainable development was also achieved. The report of the conference was themed “The Future We Want”.

36. Where the UN Sustainable Development Summit, which spanned over 25-27 September 2015 was held?

1. Tokyo
2. Paris
3. New York
4. Moscow

Explanation

As a high-level plenary meeting of the UNGA, the UN Sustainable Development Summit, which spanned over 25-27 September 2015 at the UN Headquarters in New York, adopted the post-2015 agenda titled “Transforming our World: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”.

37. How many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are in UN Sustainable Development Summit, 2015?

1. 12
2. 17
3. 15
4. 21

Explanation

UN Sustainable Development Summit, 2015 is a composite of a Declaration, 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets. Th e SDGs came into eff ect in 2016 and will guide the discourse on sustainable development until 2030.

38. Which is a multilateral agreement within the precincts of the UNFCCC that provides an enhanced framework for the mitigation of greenhouse gases emission, adaptation and finance from year 2020?

1. Vienna agreement
2. Paris agreement
3. Moscow agreement
4. Tokyo agreement

Explanation

The Paris Agreement (L’accord de Paris in French) is a multilateral agreement within the precincts of the UNFCCC. It provides an enhanced framework for the mitigation of greenhouse gases emission, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.

39. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Paris agreement was opened for signature on 22 April 2014 and came into force on 4 November 2016. As an instrument to combat climate change, the Paris Accord aims to keep global temperatures “well below” 4.0 C (7.2 F) above pre-industrial times and “endeavour to limit” them even more to, 2.5 C.
2. It also helped reach a consensus on limiting the human-driven greenhouse gases emission to the levels naturally absorbable by trees, soil and oceans, between 2050 and 2100. Until now, 184 out of the 197 State Parties have ratified the treaty
3. Apart from the mandatory periodical review every five years to assess the contributions of the State Parties, the treaty also ensures that the developed countries shall help LDCs in adapting with the climate change through “climate finance” to enable them to switch over to renewable energy.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

The Paris agreement was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 and came into force on 4 November 2016. As an instrument to combat climate change, the Paris Accord aims to keep global temperatures “well below” 2.0 C (3.6 F) above pre-industrial times and “endeavour to limit” them even more to, 1.5 C.

40. Who among the following has announced withdrawal from Paris deal?

1. Justin Trudeau
2. Xi Jinping
3. Vladimir Putin
4. Donald Trump

Explanation

US President Donald Trump has announced withdrawal from Paris deal. In the context the students are requested to discuss the world response regarding post Kyoto to reduce globe warming.

41. Which Prime Minister speech at the Stockholm Conference evoked a new sense of politico environmental consciousness?

1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Lal Bahadur Shastri
3. Indira Gandhi
4. Morarji Desai

Explanation

The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s speech at the Stockholm Conference evoked a new sense of politico environmental consciousness which held the developed countries, i.e. North, responsible for escalating the ecological threat indicators.

42. Which among the following statement is correct

1. India’s engagement in global environmental governance has been remarkable. From the 1972 Stockholm Conference to the COP21 in 2015, New Delhi possesses impressive credentials in terms of the diplomatic and administrative capital invested.
2. The ideological undercurrents of the Indian environmental policies, particularly the climate change, can be traced back to the preparations for the Vienna convention 1985 wherein an important report titled “Global Warming in an equal World” of the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) which attacked the North for its ginormous contribution to the global carbon footprint as “carbon colonialism”.
3. India has invariably rejected GHG reduction commitments from the developing countries as inequitable provided that the “South” has played a little role in triggering the so-called “climate issues” of the present-day magnitude.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

The ideological undercurrents of the Indian environmental policies, particularly the climate change, can be traced back to the preparations for the Rio Earth Summit 1992 wherein an important report titled “Global Warming in an Unequal World” of the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) which attacked the West for its ginormous contribution to the global carbon footprint as “carbon colonialism”.

43. Which among the following is not the India’s measure to address environmental concerns domestically?

1. Himalaya Protection Act (1972)
2. Environment Protection Act (1986)
3. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974)
4. Indian Forest Act (1927)

Explanation

Domestically, measures are taken at the constitutional and statutory levels to address environmental concerns. Some of the important legal documents dealing with environment in the country are: Environment Protection Act (1986), Wildlife Protection Act (1972), Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981), Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974), Indian Forest Act (1927) and so forth.

44. When National Green Tribunal was established?

1. 2001
2. 2004
3. 2007
4. 2010

Explanation

National Green Tribunal, established in 2010, deals with the expeditious disposal of cases of environmental importance.

45. Which among the following statement is correct

1. New Delhi is a member of many of the multilateral environmental conventions, treaties and institutions. The Indian government underscores the historical responsibility of the west in the environmental degradation and projects its low per capita emissions.
2. Climate change, as exemplified in the national policy narrative, acquires the position of being a development issue, basing “inter-generational equity” (which stands for greater environmental protection) that requires the current generation to treat development as a matter of urgency so that the upcoming generations receive an Earth invulnerable to climate change.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

46. Which is the world’s first fully solar powered airport?

1. Chennai International Airport
2. Cochin International Airport
3. Calicut International Airport
4. Jaipur International Airport

Explanation

Cochin International Airport (CIAL), Kerala, is the world’s first fully solar powered airport.

47. As a party to which, India subscribes to the non-negotiable nature of the agreement?

1. Vienna Convention
2. Earth Summit
3. Paris Acord
4. Kyoto Protocol

Explanation

As a party to the Paris Accord, India subscribes to the non-negotiable nature of the agreement. Besides, the Government of India reemphasises “equity” and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC).

48. India’s role in global agenda of environmentalism reached a new high with the establishment of what in 2016 by Indian Government?

1. International Solar Alliance
2. International Renewable Alliance
3. International Green Alliance
4. International Neutron Alliance

Explanation

New Delhi’s commitment to decarbonisation embraces a strategy to reduce its reliance on coal and to evolve a renewable energy-driven economy. India’s role in global agenda of environmentalism reached a new high with the establishment of the International Solar Alliance, an idea proposed by the Indian government, in 2016.

49. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Despite pushing a stern rhetoric, India’s environmental profile is one of the best in the world. According to a report launched by Global Carbon Project in 2018, India is the 5th lowest emitter of carbon which accounts for 0.9% of the global emissions in the year 2017.
2. Another report titled Environmental Performance Index (EPI) for the year 2018 ranks India 177 among 180 countries. The low ranking is deemed to be a result of poor performance in the environmental health policy and deaths due to air pollution.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

Despite pushing a stern rhetoric, India’s environmental profile is one of the worst in the world. According to a report launched by Global Carbon Project in 2018, India is the 4th largest emitter of carbon which accounts for 7% of the global emissions in the year 2017.

50. The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance of more than 122 countries initiated by which country?

1. South Korea
2. France
3. Sweden
4. India

Explanation

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance of more than 122 countries initiated by India, most of them being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, now extended to all members of UN.

51. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The Paris Declaration establishes International Solar Alliance as an alliance dedicated to the promotion of solar energy among its member countries. The ISA’s major objectives include global deployment of over 1,000GW of solar generation capacity and mobilisation of investment of over US$ 1000 billion into solar energy by 2030.
2. As an action-oriented organisation, the ISA brings together countries with rich solar potential to aggregate global demand, thereby reducing prices through bulk purchase, facilitating the deployment of existing solar technologies at scale, and promoting collaborative solar R&D and capacity building.
3. When the ISA Framework Agreement entered into force on December 6th, 2014, ISA formally became a de-jure treaty based International Intergovernmental Organisation, headquartered at New Delhi, India.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

When the ISA Framework Agreement entered into force on December 6th, 2017, ISA formally became a de-jure treaty based International Intergovernmental Organisation, headquartered at Gurugram, India.

52. Which among the following statement is correct

1. In a popular sense, the very meaning of cultural diversity is oft en represented by indigenous peoples. Approximately 350 million indigenous peoples belonging to 5000 diff erent cultures are residing over 20 percent of the Earth’s territory. Of all the challenges concerning the realm of indigenous people and their rights, the most arduous has been the inability to reach a consensus on who are indigenous peoples.
2. Hence, the dilemma centres on the fundamental question vis-à vis the factors that converge in building what indigeneity means. Even the UN Working Group on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples could not arrive at a formal definition that explains the true identity of theirs. Th e primary dilemma that made this process a rigmarole was the inconclusiveness on working out a set of absolute parameters that assign indigeneity to a group
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

53. Who said “the notion of belonging to a separate culture with all its various elements – language, religion, social, political systems and philosophical knowledge, beliefs, legends and so on – is central to indigenous people’s own definition”?

1. Julian Berger
2. Kofi Annan
3. Ban Ki moon
4. Howard Friedman

Explanation

Out of the multiple attempts in search of a universally recognized definition, the one by Julian Berger, a UN official, stands important. According to him, “the notion of belonging to a separate culture with all its various elements – language, religion, social, political systems, moral values, scientific and philosophical knowledge, beliefs, legends, laws, economic systems, technology, art, clothing, music, dance, architecture, and so on – is central to indigenous people’s own definition”.

54. When International Day of the World’s Indigenous People is celebrated on every year?

1. 9^th September
2. 9^th August
3. 9^th December
4. 9^th February

Explanation

International Day of the World’s Indigenous People is celebrated on 9th August every year.

55. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The contemporary understanding is that the indigenous peoples, in general, are marked by deficits in authority and political power, and the corresponding absence of inclusion. Their existence is also characterized by subordination to an immigrant or ethnic group-dominant state.
2. It is important to note that their indigeneity is a product of the lack of power. So, the powerlessness emanates from their indigeneity. Nowadays these groups, with their inherent and inviolable constancy to the conventional way of life-based on the endemic values and traditions, kept them along with the evolution that helped advance the social, political and economic establishments.
3. In turn, the indigenous peoples were looked upon as a threat to this “march of progress” and the changing order of life. It is also important to know that the indigenous populations are not essentially “socially-static” or status-quoists. The global tendency to accuse them as conservative is a result of their slow pace of response to the assimilation and adaptation against the increasing complexity of the macro-social systems.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

It is important to note that their indigeneity is not a product of the lack of power. Rather, the powerlessness emanates from their indigeneity. These groups, with their inherent and inviolable constancy to the conventional way of life-based on the endemic values and traditions, kept them aloof from the evolution that helped advance the social, political and economic establishments.

56. Which among the following is not assumptions that help construct an Indian approach towards the puzzle of indigenous identity?

1. Indigenous are those groups of people who have lived in a region or country to which they belong before Christ or conquest by people from inside that region or country.
2. They have become marginalized as a result of colonization or conquest of that region or country.
3. Such groups are governed more by means of their own social, economic and cultural institutions rather than the laws which are applicable to the society or country as a whole.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

The experts are of the view that there are three assumptions that help construct an Indian approach towards the puzzle of indigenous identity. They are: a) Indigenous are those groups of people who have lived in a region or country to which they belong before colonization or conquest by people from outside that region or country. b) They have become marginalized as a result of colonization or conquest of that region or country. c) Such groups are governed more by means of their own social, economic and cultural institutions rather than the laws which are applicable to the society or country as a whole.

57. Which among the following statement is incorrect

1. The indigenous groups in India have been referred under multiple titles. Adivasis (original inhabitants), Aborigines, Adim Jati (ancient tribes) or Vanavasi (forest dwellers). Under the constitution, they are recognized as “Scheduled Tribes” and their territories as “Scheduled Areas”.
2. In spite of the absence of a formal definition by the Government of India, a loose definition in terms of reaching a legal consensus was constructed by bringing a set of features like “‘primitive’ traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large and backwardness”.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

58. The concept of indigeneity in India more or less overlaps with what can be called ____

1. Tribal Relativeness
2. Tribal Consciousness
3. Tribal Progressiveness
4. Tribal Cosumnes

Explanation

It is noteworthy that the Indian stance of indigeneity also coincides with the global strides of anticolonial imperatives supported by the canons of subaltern inputs. In addition, the concept of indigeneity in India more or less overlaps with what can be called “tribal consciousness”.

59. Which year the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) was adopted?

1. 2001
2. 2004
3. 2007
4. 2010

Explanation

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) was adopted on 13 September 2007 by the UN General Assembly. As the most comprehensive international instrument on the indigenous peoples’ rights, it seeks to ensure a “universal framework of minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the worlds”.

60. Match the following Indigenous community with place of Origin

Name of Community Place of Origin

1. Yanomami – 1. Australia
2. Vedda – 2. Amazon Basin
3. Penan – 3. Japan
4. Aborigines – 4. Sri Lanka
5. Ainu – 5. Borneo
6. 4 – 1 – 5 – 2 – 3
7. 2 – 4 – 5 – 1 – 3
8. 5 – 2 – 4 – 3 – 1
9. 3 – 2 – 4 – 1 – 5

61. How many articles are there in United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)?

1. 27
2. 38
3. 46
4. 52

Explanation

The Declaration contains 46 Articles which is the outcome of a drafting process which began in 1985 by the Working Group on Indigenous Populations. In its essence, the UNDRIP is a manual for the governments of the world on how to revere the human rights of the indigenous communities. It also serves in helping the enforcement of other mechanisms, affecting indigenous groups, like the Convention on the Rights of the Child, ILO Convention 169, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

62. Which among the following is incorrect matched its article in United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

1. Article 1 – 6 – Land and Resources
2. Article 7 – 10 – Life, Liberty, Culture and Security
3. Article 11 – 13 – Culture, Religion and Language
4. Article 14 – 17 – Education, Media and Employment

Explanation

Article 1 – 6 – Human Rights, Self-Determination and Nationality

63. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Trade, investment, finance, aid, debt, technology, innovation and global governance, all have consequences for the achievement of the right to development, as do the global challenges mentioned above.
2. The right to development demands that these difficult and diverse issues be addressed comprehensively and coherently with the ultimate policy objective of securing freedom from fear and freedom from want for everyone. This ultimate objective of development is broadly reflected in diverse and evolving policy arenas.
3. Kahneman Agreement Establishing the United Nation states that “relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, [and] ensuring full employment, while allowing for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development”.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation states that “relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, [and] ensuring full employment, while allowing for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development”.

64. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The General Assembly in its annual resolutions on the right to development affirms human rights and improved human wellbeing as guiding considerations for multilateral trade negotiations and calls for mainstreaming the right to development and strengthening the global partnership for development within international trade institutions among other things.
2. The right to development provides a framework for the consideration of extraterritorial obligations and the obligations of States in their collective capacities, including as members of international Organisations like the World Trade Organisation and multilateral development banks, and as actors in global trade, investment and finance
3. As trade negotiations have proliferated and the human rights impact of trade and investment agreements is better understood, it has become increasingly clear that States must step up their efforts to integrate human rights, including the right to development, in new trade and investment in order to fulfil their human rights commitments.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

65. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Globalisation postulates a structure of interaction among countries leading to an integrated world economy. This interaction is manifested in a variety of expressions ranging from social to political and cultural to economic and technological by means of improvising the means of communication, infrastructure and transportation.
2. International trade and cross-border investments are acknowledged to be the periperl factors in creating an integrated world economy. The idea of integration requires further examination given the inherent complexity. Theoretically, it consists of three subsets namely negative integration, neutral integration and positive integration.
3. The former talks of the policy of free trade, which talks of removing trade barriers or protective barriers such as tariffs and quotas whereas the latter focusses on standardizing international economic laws and policies.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

International trade and cross-border investments are acknowledged to be the vital factors in creating an integrated world economy. The idea of integration requires further examination given the inherent complexity. Theoretically, it consists of two subsets namely negative integration and positive integration.

66. Who coined the term “corporate giants” in 1897?

1. Charles Russell Tazel
2. Martha Nussbaum
3. John Maynard Keynes
4. Ingrid Robeyns

Explanation

One of the earliest applications of the term ‘Globalisation’ can be traced back to a 1930 publication titled ‘Towards New Education’ which sought to imply an overview of the human experience in education. In 1897, another term “corporate giants”, coined by Charles Russell Tazel, found its place in the economic literature that meant the big trusts and large enterprises.

67. Which among the following organisation defines Globalisation as “the growing integration of economies and societies around the world”?

1. International Monetary Fund
2. World Trade Organisation
3. World Bank
4. World Health Organisation

Explanation

World Bank defines Globalisation as “the growing integration of economies and societies around the world”. The transformation of the term ‘Globalisation’ to a conceptual framework triggered a new array of thinking providing new interpretations and discourses on the global economic narrative. With the end of the Cold War, the concept made its way to be representing a world that is progressively interdependent in its economic and informational dimension.

68. The International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) identifies how many basic tenets of Globalisation in 2002 subsided the ambiguities concerning the term to a large extent?

1. Two
2. Three
3. Four
4. Six

Explanation

Globalisation as a key element in the theory and practice of business posits a construct of connectivity across various spectra. The International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) identification of the four basic tenets of Globalisation in 2002 subsided the ambiguities concerning the term to a large extent.

69. Which among the following is not the basic tenet of globalisation in 2002 as identified by International Monetary Fund’s (IMF)?

1. Trade and Transactions
2. Capital movements and Investment
3. Sharing technology and Information
4. The spreading of knowledge

Explanation

The four basic tenets of Globalisation in 2002 identified by International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) are as follows: 1. Trade and Transactions,2. Capital movements and investment, 3. Migration and movement of people and 4. The spreading of knowledge.

70. Which among the following statement is incorrect

1. Basing free trade in its axis, there is always room for dubiety that this is the highest manifestation of Globalisation. It is evident that the process of economic Globalisation has in the recent past has been dominated by a group of developing countries like the India, Malaysia, South Africa etc.
2. Multinational corporations (MNCs) such as Google, Microsoft, Apple, McDonalds etc. and international Organisations like IMF and World Bank are at the forefront as the global market determinants.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

Basing free trade in its axis, there is no room for dubiety that this is the highest manifestation of Globalisation. It is evident that the process of economic Globalisation has in the recent past has been dominated by a group of developed countries like the US, Japan, China etc.

71. Which among the following cannot express economic Globalisation according to Bottery?

1. Decreasing movement of capital around the world through information and technology.
2. Th e prevalence of supranational bodies such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the World Bank, and the IMF.
3. Increased influence of Transnational Companies (TNCs).
4. None of the above

Explanation

According to Bottery, economic Globalisation can be aptly expressed as the convergence of three different factors. They are as follows: 1) Increasing movement of capital around the world through information and technology. 2) Th e prevalence of supranational bodies such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the World Bank, and the IMF. 3) Increased influence of Transnational Companies (TNCs).

72. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Globalisation acts as an agent of transmission of ideas and cultures across the world. It is more often used in synonymous with the term “modernity”. Mostly, the patterns of this process were geared toward creating a “homogenous” standard of practices, and inculcation of ideas and values, short of a single world culture.
2. Arguably, the inception of this vector could be traced back to the nascence of global trade. Every commodity is an expression of one’s culture. For instance, the Indian fashion industry embraced the “denim” clothing since the advent of western textile MNCs into the domestic market.
3. Moreover, thanks to the growing domains of communication, which bring peoples hailing from different regions and cultural affiliations together, making this exchange a cakewalk. These new synthetic and virtual interaction which replaced the physical interaction across various quarters, help rewrite the new order of global subcultures.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

73. Which among the following statement is correct regarding Globalisation

1. With the end of the Second World War in 1945, the hitherto-dominated control of the state apparatuses over the welfare of citizens were slowly eroding. The period, since then, was characterized by the emergence of non-state actors like Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and supranational Organisations as important players in the domain of human affairs.
2. The trends went one to experience the rising membership of nation-states in multilateral bodies such as the UN, European Union (EU) and so forth. Furthermore, the dissemination of liberal democratic ideas, collapse of communist systems like USSR, and galloping number regional Organisations also add up to the political undercurrents of Globalisation. Ideologically, Globalisation fosters a cosmopolitan character over nationalistic sentiments.
3. Though a multi-world government may be impractical, in realist terms, a considerable amount of cooperation has been able to be achieved among the comity of nations. Critics opine that with the decreasing role of non-state actors, the state systems are facing the erosion of sovereignty as they are increasing the hitherto-enjoyed control over economic activities.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

Though a single world government may be impractical, in realist terms, a considerable amount of cooperation has been able to be achieved among the comity of nations. Critics opine that with the increasing role of non-state actors, the state systems are facing the erosion of sovereignty as they are losing the hitherto-enjoyed control over economic activities.

74. Which among the following statement regarding globalisation is incorrect

1. The world has become more interdependent economically, socially, culturally, and politically. It seeks to bring economic balance to poor regions by injecting technology and foreign capital.
2. The concept of free trade threatens job growth; decrease competition; movement of labour; economic prosperity; minimal interference of state in economic activities. It helps alleviate poverty and promotes economic prosperity. It promotes distinctive cultural communication and cosmopolitanism.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

The concept of free trade ensures job growth; increases competition; movement of labour; economic prosperity; minimal interference of state in economic activities. It helps alleviate poverty and promotes economic prosperity. It promotes inter-cultural communication and cosmopolitanism.

75. Who among the following was the author of book ‘The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalisation’?

1. Alfred Marshall
2. Milton Friedman
3. Paul Samuelson
4. Thomas Larsson

Explanation

In the book ‘The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalisation’, Thomas Larsson argues that Globalisation “is the process of the shrinking of the world, the shortening of distances, and the closeness of things. It allows the increased interaction of any person on one part of the world to someone found on the other side of the world, in order to benefit”.

76. Who among the following reports that “during most recent period of rapid growth in global trade and investment, 1960 to 1998, inequality worsened both internationally and within countries”?

1. UNICEF
2. UNDP
3. UNESCO
4. IMF

Explanation

The UNDP reports that “during the most recent period of rapid growth in global trade and investment, 1960 to 1998, inequality worsened both internationally and within countries. Th e richest 20 percent of the world’s population consume 86 percent of the world’s resources while the poorest 80 percent consume just 14 percent”.

77. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The general idea of Globalisation in India is related to the integration of the national economy with the world economy. India’s present ascendancy in the economic trajectories is a consequence of the New Economic Policy (NEP) which initiated a massive scheme of fiscal reforms following the 1991 financial crisis.
2. It liberated the country from the shackles of the capitalist model and reconfigured the domestic economic structure which helped improve the rich standards of living. The imbalance of payments crisis gave an impetus for a new economic discourse in the country which in turn led to policy development that embraced an export friendly ecosystem along with the inflow of foreign capital.
3. The opening up of the domestic economy to foreign direct investment (FDI) which requisites a conducive environment for foreign firms to invest in various fields of economic activities. This calls for the removal of restraints and barriers for allowing the entry of multinational corporations (MNCs) into the domestic market.
4. Both 1 and 2
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

It liberated the country from the shackles of the socialist model and reconfigured the domestic economic structure which helped improve the poor standards of living. The balance of payments crisis gave an impetus for a new economic discourse in the country which in turn led to policy development that embraced an export friendly ecosystem along with the inflow of foreign capital.

78. The New Economic Policy popularly known as ______

1. Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation
2. Liberalisation, Socialisation and Globalisation
3. Liberalisation, Socialisation and Capitalisation
4. Liberalisation, Capitalisation and Globalisation

Explanation

The New Economic Policy (NEP), popularly known as the Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation (LPG), that came up in July 1991, sought to transform the national economy to a globally competent and fast-growing economy. Industry, trade and finance constituted the major sectors which underwent a dramatic change.

79. Which among the following is incorrect matched its article in United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

1. Article 18 – 24 – Participation and Development
2. Article 25 – 32 – Land and Resources
3. Article 33 – 37 – Self-Government and Indigenous Laws
4. Article 38 – 42 – Nature of Guarantee

Explanation

Articles 38-42 – Implementation

Articles 43-44 – Nature of Guarantee

80. Which among the following is not the most important measures taken up as part of the LPG?

1. Devaluation
2. Disinvestment
3. Involve of License Raj
4. Foreign Direct Investment

Explanation

As initiated in the 1990s, the most important measures taken up as part of the LPG can be summarised as follows: a) Devaluation b) Disinvestment c) Elimination of License Raj d) Foreign Direct Investment e) Abolition of MRTP Act.

81. In which year the Government of India allowed 100% FDI in some sectors like single-brand retail and construction?

1. 2018
2. 2001
3. 2011
4. 2016

Explanation

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) opened the vistas of foreign capital fl ow, by allowing overseas companies to invest directly into the Indian market. In 2018, the Government of India allowed 100% FDI in some sectors like single-brand retail and construction.

82. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The crisis before NEP was a result of the soaring currency reserves which reached up to a mark of almost billion which took inflation to an upsurge at an annual rate of 17 per cent. Furthermore, the fiscal deficit was surging and an unstable economy reigned in.
2. In pursuance of liberalisation, the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act (1969), which regulates monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade practices, was abolished by the Government of India. It was replaced the Competition Act in 2002, which introduced a new focus of promoting competition instead of anti-monopoly measures.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

83. Which among the following Industry does not require licensing in India?

1. Electronic Aerospace and Defence equipment
2. Hazardous chemicals
3. Cigars and Cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes
4. Jute and Textiles Industries

Explanation

List of industries which mandatorily require licensing are as follows: 1. Distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks. 2. Cigars and Cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes. 3. Electronic Aerospace and Defence equipment: all types. 4. Industrial explosives including detonating fuses, safety fuses, gun powder, nitrocellulose and matches. 5. Hazardous chemicals. 6. Drugs and Pharmaceuticals.