Environmental Economics 12th Economics Lesson 8 Questions in English

12th Economics Lesson 8 Questions in English

8] Environmental Economics

1. Name the study of interactions between human economic activity and the environment?

a) Economics Ecology

b) Environmental Studies

c) Environmental Sociology

d) Environmental Economics

Explanation

Environmental economics (EE) is the study of interactions between human economic activity and the natural environment.

2. Choose the correct statements.

i) Environmental Economics is a part of economics concerned with the allocation of Environmental resources.

ii) Environment provides an indirect value for economic activity.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

EE is the subset of economics that is concerned with the efficient allocation of environmental resources. The environment provides both a direct value as well as raw material intended for economic activity, thus making the environment and the economy interdependent.

3. Which of these issues are not dealt with the Environmental economics?

a) Pollution Control

b) Waste Management

c) Environmental Guidelines to Industries

d) Valuation of Natural Resources

Explanation

EE takes into consideration issues such as the conservation and valuation of natural resources, pollution control, waste management and recycling.

4. What is the objective of the Environmental Economics?

a) To promote environmental protection activities.

b) To improve the economics globally considering the environmental policies.

c) Identify tools and policies for the most efficient allocation of natural resources.

d) Maximum usage of natural resources.

Explanation

The key objective of EE is to identify the particular tools or policy alternatives that will move the market towards the most efficient allocation of natural resources. Resources uses whether human, natural, or monetary are finite these public policies are most effective only when they achieve the maximum possible benefit in the most efficient way.

5. State the origin of the word Environment?

a) French

b) Arabian

c) Roman

d) Latin

Explanation

The term environment has been derived from a French word “Environia” means to surround. Environment means “all the conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding and affecting the development of an organism or group of organisms”.

6. Assertion (A): The Goal of the EE is to balance the economic activity and the environment impacts.

Reasoning (R): Environmental Economics recognizes the value of both the environment and economics.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

It is a different branch of economics that recognizes the value of both the environment and economic activity and makes choices based on those values. The goal is to balance the economic activity and the environmental impacts by taking into account all the costs and benefits.

7. Define Environmental Economics.

a) Environmental impacts of the economic activities.

b) Financial impact of environmental issues and policies.

c) Environment related Economic policies.

d) Utilizing natural resources for the economic development.

Explanation

In short, Environmental Economics is an area of economics that studies the financial impact of environmental issues and policies.

8. Choose the correct statements.

i) Environmental economics involves theoretical studies of the economic effects.

ii) The Economic effects include the national environmental policies around the world.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

Environmental Economics involves theoretical and empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world.

9. Choose the Incorrect statements.

i) Ecosystem includes all living and non-living environments.

ii) The Non-living environments include earth, sun, soil and the climate.

iii) Ecosystems determine the financial development of the entire earth system.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

An ecosystem includes all living things (plants, animals and organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other, and also with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere). Ecosystems are the foundations of the Biosphere and they determine the health of the entire earth system.

10. The Eco system includes,

a) Community

b) Mobility

c) Resources

d) All the above

Explanation

11. What are the aspects of economic system connected to Human life?

a) Social

b) Ethical

c) Philosophical

d) All the above

Explanation

Man’s life is interconnected with various other living and non-living things. The life also depends on social, political, ethical, philosophical and other aspects of economic system.

12. Who developed the Material Balanced Model?

a) Alenkneese and R.V. Ayres

b) Sir Edmund Hillary

c) Jerry A. Nathanson

d) Richard E. Berg

Explanation

In fact, the life of human beings is shaped by his living environment. The relationship between the economy and the environment is generally explained in the form of a “Material Balance Model’’ developed by AlenKneese and R.V. Ayres.

13. Which is considered as a balanced flow between the input and poutputs of the material balanced model?

a) Economic development factor

b) Total Natural Resources

c) Total Economic process

d) Economic impacts of Economic activity

Explanation

The model considers the total economic process as a physically balanced flow between inputs and outputs.

14. Which property of the energy of environment is bestowed as inputs?

a) Physical Property

b) Chemical Property

c) Electrical Property

d) All the above

Explanation

Inputs are bestowed with physical property of energy which is received from the environment. The interdependence of economics and environment.

15. State the element in the feedback quantity in the Flow Diagram for Material Balance Approach.

a) Raw material

b) Final Residual Discharge from Production and Consumption

c) Residual Discharges from Consumption and Production

d) Recycles from Production and Consumption

Explanation

Flow Diagram for Material Balance Approach

16. State the law which depicts the Material Balance approaches?

a) Second Law of Thermodynamics

b) Newton’s Law

c) First law of Thermodynamics

d) Pascal’s Law

Explanation

The first law of thermodynamics, the law of conservation of matter and energy, emphasizes that in any production system “what goes in must come out”. This is known as the Material Balance Approach or Material Balance Principle.

17. Choose the correct statements.

i) The Flow diagram shows that the inputs and the outputs for every process are equal.

ii) All the resources extracted from the environment are utilized fully without any wastes.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

The material flow diagram implies that mass inputs must equal mass outputs for every process. Moreover, all resources extracted from the environment eventually become unwanted wastes and pollutants.

18. Assertion (A): The Energy and the materials are drawn from the environment.

Reasoning(R): Households wastes are returned back to the environment.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Production of output by firms from inputs resulting in discharge of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes. Similarly, waste results from consumption activities by households. In short, material and energy are drawn from environment, used for production and consumption activities and returned back to the environment as wastes.

19. What does G denotes in the Material Balance approach equation?

a) Consumption and Production Residual Discharges

b) Material and Energy Inflow from Natural World

c) Economic Activities of Goods and Service Production

d) Final Residual Discharge from Production and Consumption into Natural World

Explanation

In its simple form the Material Balance Approach can be put in form equation.

20. State the equation of economy-environment interlink age model?

a) R= W1 * W2

b) F = W1 + W2

c) R = F + W1

d) F = R * W1 W2

Explanation

21. Choose the Incorrect statements.

i) Environment is the supplier of renewable sources only.

ii) Households and firms are interconnected.

iii) Households and firms send residuals of consumption and production to nature.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) None of the above

Explanation

Environment is the supplier of all forms of resources like renewable and non-renewable, and it is also acting as a sink for cleaning up of wastes. Households and firms are connected to environment, and they are interconnected too. Households and firms depend on nature for resources. Both households and firms send out residuals of consumption and production respectively to nature.

22. Assertion (A): Earth has reached the saturation point and it is unable to cleanup waste forms.

Reasoning(R): Nature has a conditional power to assimilate all forms of waste.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Nature has the power to assimilate all forms of waste. But this power is conditional. There is a limit for everything. The earth has reached the saturation point and it is unable to cleanup several forms of wastes.

23. Which is not an environmental good?

a) Clear air

b) Green transport infrastructure

c) Atmosphere

d) Forests

Explanation

Environmental goods are typically non-market goods, including clear air, clean water, landscape, green transport infrastructure (footpaths, cycle ways, greenways, etc.), public parks, urban parks, rivers, mountains, forests, and beaches.

24. What do the environmental goods focus on?

a) Exploitation of ecological systems on economy

b) Wellbeing of humans and other species

c) Environment protection

d) All the above

Explanation

Concerns with environmental goods focus on the effects that the exploitation of ecological systems have on the economy, the well-being of humans and other species, and on the environment.

25. Assertion (A): Environmental quality is a relative measure to the requirements of species in the earth.

Reasoning(R): The properties of environment quality are either generalized or local.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Environmental quality is a set of properties and characteristics of the environment either generalized or local as they impinge on human beings and other organisms. It is a measure of the condition of an environment relative to the requirements of one or more species and to any human need.

26. State the reason for the decline in the environment quality?

a) Cosmopolitan area

b) Increased Industrial development

c) Capitalistic mode of functioning

d) Pollution

Explanation

Environmental quality has been continuously declining due to capitalistic mode of functioning. Environment is a pure public good that can be consumed simultaneously by everyone and from which no one can be excluded.

27. What is the main reason for the depletion of resources?

a) Public goods

b) Private industries

c) Non-Environmental policies

d) Global warming

Explanation

A pure public good is one for which consumption is non-revival and from which it is impossible to exclude a consumer. Pure public goods pose a free rider problem. As a result, resources are depleted.

28. Which are not included in the present National Income enumeration?

a) Depletion of resources

b) Nature contribution to GDP

c) Both a and b

d) None of the above

Explanation

The contribution of the nature to GDP as well as depletion of natural resources is not accounted in the present system of National Income Enumeration.

29. What is the reason behind the market failures in the environmental economics?

a) Industrial Pollution

b) Negative Externalities

c) Non-contribution to GDP

d) Positive Externalities

Explanation

In Environmental Economics, one of the most important market failures is caused by negative externalities arising from production and consumption of goods and services.

30. Choose the Incorrect statements.

i) Externalities are the third party effects from the production and consumption of goods and services.

ii) Externalities occur inside the market which affects the people directly involved in the production and consumption.

iii) Externalities are also known as spill-over effects.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Externalities are third party effects arising from production and consumption of goods and services for which no appropriate compensation is paid. Externalities occur outside of the market i.e. they affect people not directly involved in the production and consumption of a good or service. They are also known as spill-over effects.

31. What is the reason behind the externalities?

a) Interdependence between economic units

b) Third party consumption

c) Government policies

d) None of the above

Explanation

Externalities refer to external effects or spillover effects resulting from the act of production or consumption on the third parties. Externalities arise due to interdependence between economic units.

32. Define Externality.

a) Cost imposed by the consumption and production activities.

b) It is imposed on people who are not directly involved.

c) No payment is made

d) All the above

Explanation

Externality may be defined as “the cost or benefit imposed by the consumption and production activities of the individuals on the rest of the society not directly involved in these activity and towards which no payment is made”.

33. The Externalities arise from ______ and consumption activities. There are ____ types of externalities.

a) Production, 2

b) Innovation, 3

c) Benefit, 5

d) Recycle, 4

Explanation

The externalities arise from both production and consumption activities and their impact could be beneficial or adverse. Beneficial externalities are called “positive externalities” and adverse ones are called “negative externalities”.

34. Which is known as the negative production externality?

a) Private Security

b) Factory emissions

c) Beehive Pollination

d) Loudspeaker Noise

Explanation

35. Hiring a private security is a _________ externality.

a) Negative Production Externalities

b) Negative Consumption Externalities

c) Positive Production Externality

d) Positive Consumption Externality

Explanation

Positive Consumption Externality: When some residents of a locality hire a private security agency to patrol their area, the other residents of the area also benefit from better security without bearing cost.

36. Which is an example of negative consumption externality?

a) Beehives in orchards

b) Person smoking cigar

c) Hiring a private security

d) Tanneries

Explanation

Negative Consumption Externality: A person smoking cigarette gets may give satisfaction to that person, but this act causes hardship (dissatisfaction) to the non-smokers who are driven to passive smoking.

37. Which of these are also known as the reciprocal untraded interdependency?

a) Positive Consumption externalities

b) Negative Production externalities

c) Negative Consumption externalities

d) Positive Production externalities

Explanation

Positive Production Externality: The ideal location for beehives is orchards (first growing fields). While bees make honey, they also help in the pollination of apple blossoms. The benefits accrue to both producers (honey as well as apple). This is called ‘reciprocal untraded interdependency.

38. Who bears the uncompensated cost of the negative externalities?

a) Innocent People

b) Industry Management

c) The Government

d) All the above

Explanation

Negative production externalities include pollution generated by a factory that imposes costs on others. The emissions and effluents of factory cause air and water pollution. Water becomes contaminated and unfit for drinking e.g. Tanneries. The innocent community bears the external cost for which it is not compensated.

39. What are the effects of pollution in the environment?

a) Toxicity increase

b) Ecosystem damage

c) Life damage

d) All the above

Explanation

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change, in the form of killing of life, toxicity of environment, damage to ecosystem and aesthetics of our surrounding.

40. How many types of pollution are categorized?

a) 4

b) 5

c) 7

d) 9

Explanation

Types of Pollution: Air pollution, Water pollution, Noise pollution, Land pollution

41. When did the Prevention and pollution act was passed?

a) 1978

b) 1981

c) 1967

d) 1982

Explanation

“Air pollution is the presence of any solid, liquid, or gaseous substance in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment”.-The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

42. Choose the correct statements.

i) Indoor air pollution does not contain toxic contaminants.

ii) Outdoor air pollution sources are caused by the combustion process from motor vehicles.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

Indoor Air Pollution: It refers to toxic contaminants that we encounter in our daily lives in our homes, schools and workplaces. For example, cooking and heating with solid fuels on open fires or traditional stoves results in high levels of indoor air pollution. Outdoor Air Pollution: It refers to ambient air. The common sources of outdoor air pollution are caused by combustion processes from motor vehicles, solid fuel burning and industry.

43. Which of the following is not the cause of air pollution?

a) Natural causes

b) Vehicle smoke

c) Industrial factories exhaust

d) Oil spill

Explanation

Causes of Air Pollution: Vehicle exhaust smoke, Fossil fuel based power plants, Exhaust from Industrial Plants and Factories, Construction and Agricultural activities, Natural Causes, Household activities

44. Which of these causes the depletion of ozone layer in the atmosphere?

a) Nitrogen

b) Hydrogen

c) Chlorofluorocarbons

d) Ammonia

Explanation

Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in earth’s atmosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to presence of chlorofluorocarbons and hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere.

45. According to the WHO reports how many percentage of children are affected by the polluted air globally?

a) 53%

b) 76%

c) 42%

d) 93%

Explanation

Every day about 93% of the world’s children under the age of 15 (1.8 billion children) breath polluted air that puts their health and development at serious risk – WHO

46. Which is not a measure to control air pollution?

a) Decreasing the length of chimneys in industries.

b) Use of Non-conventional fuels

c) Grow more plants and trees

d) Usage of Mass transit system

Explanation

Remedial measures to control Air Pollution

1. Establishment of industries away from the towns and cities

2. Increasing the length of the Chimneys in industries

3. Growing more plants and trees

4. Use of non-conventional fuels like Biogas, CNG and LPG. 5. Use of Mass Transit System (Public Transport)

47. In which year the United Nations defined the deleterious effects of living sources in the marine environment?

a) 1965

b) 1971

c) 1956

d) 1983

Explanation

“The introduction (directly or indirectly) of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) results in deleterious effects to living resources hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities.- United Nations, 1971

48. How many types of water pollution are characterized?

a) 3

b) 5

c) 4

d) 7

Explanation

Types of Water Pollution: i. Surface water pollution ii. Groundwater pollution iii. Microbiological pollution iv. Oxygen depletion pollution

49. Which of these causes the microbiological pollution?

a) Micro-Organism

b) Toxins

c) Chemical Pesticides

d) Solid wastes

Explanation

Microbiological pollution: In many communities around the world, people drink untreated water (straight from a pond, river or stream). Sometimes there is natural pollution caused by micro-organism like viruses and bacteria. This natural pollution causes both aquatic and human illness

50. What are the causes of water pollution?

a) Oil spill

b) Dumping of solid wastes

c) Discharge of sewage and waste water

d) All the above

Explanation

Causes of Water Pollution:

Discharge of sewage and waste water, Dumping of solid wastes, Discharge of industrial wastes, Oil Spill, Acid rain, Global warming and Eutrophication.

51. Which of these causes the acid rain?

a) Air Pollution

b) Atmospheric Pollution

c) Land Pollution

d) Water Pollution

Explanation

Acid rain: Acid rain is pollution of water caused by air pollution. When the acidic particles caused by air pollution in the atmosphere mix with water vapor, it results in acid rain.

52. Choose the correct statements regarding Eutrophication.

i) It is an increased level of nitrogen in water bodies.

ii) It depletes the oxygen level in the water.

iii) It does not affect the aquatic population.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Eutrophication: Eutrophication is an increased level of nutrients in water bodies. This results in bloom of algae in water. It also depletes the oxygen in water which negatively affects fish and other aquatic animal population.

53. Assertion (A): Water pollution affects the health of living species and plants in the same way.

Reasoning(R): Polluted water is harmful for the agriculture as it affects the crops and soil fertility.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Water pollution adversely affects the health and life of man, animals and plants alike. Polluted water is also harmful for agriculture as it adversely affects the crops and the soil fertility.

54. On what basis the water pollution is varied in various locations?

a) Chemical concentration

b) Density of the affected species

c) Water level changes

d) Climatic conditions

Explanation

Pollution of sea water damages the oceanic life. The effects can be catastrophic, depending on the kind of chemicals, concentrations of the pollutants. The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on what chemicals are dumped and in which locations.

55. Which of these water body areas are highly polluted?

a) Village

b) Urban areas

c) Cosmopolitan areas

d) Metropolitan areas

Explanation

Many water bodies near urban areas are highly polluted. This is the result of both garbage dumped by individuals and dangerous chemicals legally or illegally dumped by manufacturing industries, health centers and markets.

56. State the remedial measures to control water pollution.

a) Fossil fuel based power plants

b) Eutrophication

c) Construction and Agricultural activities

d) Comprehensive water management plan

Explanation

Remedial measures to control Water Pollution:

1. Comprehensive water management plan.

2. Construction of proper storm drains and settling ponds.

3. Maintenance of drain line.

4. Effluent and sewage treatment plant.

5. Regular monitoring of water and waste water.

6. Stringent actions towards illegal dumping of waste into the water bodies.

57. Who defined the Noise pollution as unwanted or excessive sound that has deleterious effect on human health?

a) Sir Edmund Hillary

b) Jerry A. Nathanson and Richard E. Berg

c) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

d) AlenKneese and R.V. Ayres

Explanation

Noise pollution is unwanted or excessive sound that can have deleterious effects on human health and environmental quality. Noise pollution is commonly generated by many factories. It also comes from highway, railway and airplane traffic and from outdoor construction activities. -Jerry A. Nathanson and Richard E. Berg, 2018

58. How many types of noise pollution are categorized?

a) 4

b) 3

c) 7

d) 5

Explanation

Types of Noise Pollution: Atmospheric Noise, Industrial Noise and Manmade Noise

59. Which of this noise is associated with NIHL?

a) Man made Noise

b) Industrial Noise

c) Atmospheric Noise

d) All the above

Explanation

Industrial Noise: Industrial noise refers to noise that is created in the factories. Sound becomes noise it becomes unwanted. Heavy industries like ship building, iron and steel have long been associated with Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL).

60. Which is a cause of Noise pollution?

a) Nuclear waste

b) Poor urban planning

c) Deforestation

d) Acid rain

Explanation

Causes of Noise Pollution: Poor urban planning, Sounds from motor vehicles, Crackers and Factory machinery.

61. Which of these are the effects of unwanted noise?

a) Aggression

b) Hypertension

c) Higher stress levels

d) All the above

Explanation

Effects of Noise Pollution: Damage Physiological and Psychological health: Unwanted noise can damage physiological and psychological health. For example annoyance and aggression, hypertension and high stress levels.

62. Which of the following is a remedial measure to control Noise pollution?

a) Decreasing nuclear waste

b) Regulating Loudspeakers and using noise barriers

c) Pesticides and Fertilizers usage

d) Mining activities

Explanation

Remedial measures to control Noise Pollution

1. Use of noise barriers 2. Newer roadway for surface transport 3. Traffic control 4. Regulating times for heavy vehicles 5. Installations of noise barriers in the work place 6. Regulation of Loudspeakers

63. Which year Environment operations act defines land pollution as degradation of land due to waste disposal?

a) 1973

b) 1997

c) 1992

d) 1987

Explanation

The land pollution is defined as, “the degradation of land because of the disposal of waste on the land”. Any substance (solid, liquid or gaseous) that is discharged, emitted or deposited in the environment in such a way that it alters the environment causes land pollution–Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997

64. What are the types of Land pollution?

a) Deforestation

b) Pesticides and Fertilizers

c) Solid waste

d) All the above

Explanation

Types of Land Pollution:

i. Solid waste: It includes all kinds of rubbish like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, food, used cars, broken electronic goods, municipal waste and hospital waste.

ii. Pesticides and Fertilizers: Many farming activities engage in the application of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides for higher crop yield which pollute land.

iii. Deforestation: Humans depend on trees for many things including life. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release Oxygen, which is needed for life.

65. Nuclear waste is a ____ of land pollution.

a) Effect

b) Cause

c) Remedy

d) None of the above

Explanation

Causes of Land Pollution: Deforestation and soil erosion, Agricultural activities, Mining activities, Landfills, Industrialization, Construction activities and nuclear waste.

66. What are the effects of Land pollution?

a) Damage Physiological and Psychological health

b) Cardiovascular effects

c) Effects on aquatic animals

d) Air Pollution

Explanation

Effects of Land Pollution: Soil pollution, Health Impact, Cause for Air pollution and Effect on wildlife.

67. Which of these is not a measure to control the Land pollution?

a) Effective usage of pesticides

b) Reduce, Recycle and Reuse

c) Minimize the usage of Plastics

d) Biodegradable products usage

Explanation

Remedial measures to control Land Pollution:

1. Making people aware about the concept of a Reduce, Recycle and Reuse

2. Buying biodegradable products

3. Minimizing the usage of pesticides

4. Shifting cultivation

5. Disposing unwanted garbage properly either by burning or by burying under the soil.

6. Minimizing the usage of plastics

68. What is the average increase in temperature around the world over the last 100 years?

a) 4.5ºF

b) 0.75ºC

c) 1.2ºF

d) 0.55ºC

Explanation

Global warming is the current increase in temperature of the Earth’s surface (both land and water) as well as its atmosphere. Average temperatures around the world have risen by 0.75ºC (1.4ºF) over the last 100 years. About two thirds of this increase has occurred since 1975

69. Which is not a greenhouse gas?

a) Helium

b) Carbon dioxide

c) Methane

d) Nitrous oxide

Explanation

Carbon dioxide, methane, Chlorofluoro Carbon, nitrous oxides are the greenhouse gases warming the earth’s surface. So it is also called greenhouse effect.

70. The CO2 is the important _______ gas which contributes _____ of global warming.

a) Natural, 25%

b) Green house, 50%

c) Volcanic, 65%

d) Atmospheric, 75%

Explanation

The CO2 is the most important of the greenhouse gases contributing to 50% of global warming. The burning of fossil fuel, and other biomass, deforestation result in CO2. In the past, when the Earth experienced increases in temperature it was the result of natural causes but today it is being caused by human activities.

71. Which of these are adversely affected by the Global warming?

a) Agriculture

b) Horticulture

c) Eco system

d) All the above

Explanation

Global warming adversely affects agriculture, horticulture and eco system. Reduced rainfall, higher temperature and increased pest/weed growth hamper farming. Threats to health arise due to increase in disease carrying vectors such as mosquitoes resulting in malaria, dengue fever, encephalitis and yellow fever.

72. Which of these increased concentration in the atmosphere led to global warming?

a) Carbon dioxide

b) Oxygen

c) Sulphur

d) Nitrogen

Explanation

The climate change refers to seasonal changes over a long period with respect to the growing accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Recent studies have shown that human activities since the beginning of the industrial revolution have contributed to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by as much as 40%, from about 280 parts per million in the pre-industrial period, to 402 parts per million in 2016 which in turn has led to global warming.

73. Which of these is not the result of climate changes globally?

a) Change in Rainfall patterns

b) Warming of coastal waters

c) Ozone layer depletion

d) Sea level increase

Explanation

Several parts of the world have already experienced the warming of coastal waters, high temperatures, a marked change in rainfall patterns, and an increased intensity and frequency of storms. Sea levels and temperatures are expected to be rising.

74. Which of these acids causes the acid rain due to air pollution?

a) Sulfuric Acid

b) Nitric Acid

c) Sulfurous Acid

d) All the above

Explanation

Acid rain is one of the consequences of air pollution. It occurs when emissions from factories, cars or heating boilers contact with the water in the atmosphere. These emissions contain nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide which when mixed with water becomes sulfurous acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid.

75. Which of these causes the acid rain process naturally?

a) Volcanic eruptions

b) Ozone depletion

c) Cosmic radiation

d) None of the above

Explanation

Acid rain also occurs by nature through volcanic eruptions. It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure.

76. Which of these is not a source of e-waste?

a) Hospitals

b) Signal Generators

c) Tanning factories

d) Fax / Xerox Machines

Explanation

Sources of E-Waste

77. Which society byproduct is termed as e-waste?

a) Cosmopolitan society

b) InfoTech Society

c) Rural society

d) All the above

Explanation

Electronic waste which is commonly referred as “e-waste” is the new byproduct of the Info Tech society. It is a physical waste in the form of old discarded, end of life electronics. It includes a broad and growing range of electronic devices from large household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, cellular phones, computers and other electronic goods.

78. Choose the correct statements.

i) Solid waste is discharge of useless and unwarranted materials.

ii) Solid wastes consist of discards of households, hospital refuse, agricultural wastes and industrial wastes.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

Solid Waste is basically discharge of useless and unwarranted materials as a result of human activity. Most commonly, they are composed of solids, semisolids or liquids. Solid wastes consist of the discards of households, hospital refuse, dead animals, debris from construction site, ashes, agricultural wastes and industrial wastes etc.

79. Which is not a basic necessity of the people?

a) Food

b) Health care

c) Employment

d) Education

Explanation

Sustainable development is concerned with the welfare of not only present generation but also future generation. It aims at not only satisfying the luxury wants of the upper class i.e. rich but also the basic necessities of the poor like food, sanitation, health care, education etc.

80. Define the concept of Inter-generation equity?

a) Present Generation should not exhaust the past generation resources

b) Past Generation resources must be fully utilized by the present generation

c) The Present generation should leave the resources for the future generation.

d) Both a and c

Explanation

The present generation should not exhaust the resources left by the past generation, but it should leave the same for the sake of future generation. This is called inter – generational equity.

81. What concept was popularized by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the year 1987?

a) Wildlife Protection

b) Environmental Protection

c) Sustainable Development

d) Pollution Control

Explanation

“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” -World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987

82. Which is focused for the alternative approach proposed by Markandya and barbier?

a) Natural Capital Assets

b) Wildlife

c) Climate control

d) Industrial Development

Explanation

“The alternative approach (to sustainable development) is to focus on natural capital assets and suggest that they should not decline through time.” -Pearce, Markandya and Barbier, 1989

83. Which are the core elements for Sustainable development goal?

a) Economic Growth

b) Social Inclusion

c) Environmental protection

d) All the above

Explanation

It is crucial to harmonize three core elements such as economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection.

84. How many goals are set by United Nations for the world’s future?

a) 17

b) 12

c) 10

d) 25

Explanation

A set of 17 goals for the World’s future can be achieved before 2030 with three unanimous principles fixed by United Nations such as Universality, Integration and Transformation

85. Which is not categorized under the goal for world’s future by the United Nations?

a) Responsible Consumption and Production

b) New Life on Space

c) No Poverty

d) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Explanation

86. Choose the correct statements.

i) The political lobbying, citizen action and the consumer pressure bring the changes in the eco-friendly lifestyle.

ii) The developed countries are named as the polluters should control the pollution.

iii) The number of organizations and people across the globe are striving for sustainability is increasing nowadays.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Today, number of organizations, businesses and people across the globe that are striving for sustainability and more eco-friendly lifestyles is increasing. They are passionate towards protecting the Earth – the only life support system we have. Hence, we should bring about change through political lobbying, citizen action and consumer pressure. And we should take peaceful direct action to protect this fragile planet and promote the solutions for a green and peaceful future. Since the globe warming is a globe problem, the polluters, namely developed countries, should be made to pay for the pollution control efforts

87. Organic farming does not rely on,

a) Animal manure

b) Synthetic fertilizer

c) Legumes

d) Organic waste

Explanation

Organic farming is a system of agricultural production which relies on animal manure, organic waste, crop rotation, legumes and biological pest control. It avoids use of synthetic fertilizer, pesticides and livestock additives. Organic inputs have certain benefits, such as enriching soil for microbes.

88. Which of these are improved by the Organic production?

a) Soil organisms

b) Livestock

c) People

d) All the above

Explanation

Organic production is a holistic system designed to optimize the productivity and fitness of diverse communities within the agro-ecosystem, including soil organisms, plants, livestock and people. The principal goal of organic production is to develop enterprises that are sustainable and harmonious with environment.

89. Which of these is not a general principle of Organic farming?

a) Maintain long-term soil fertility

b) Improve productivity in agriculture

c) Resource recycling

d) Maintain biological diversity

Explanation

The general principles of organic farming are:1. Protect the environment, minimize soil degradation and erosion, decrease pollution, optimize biological productivity and promote a sound state of health. 2. Maintain long-term soil fertility by optimizing conditions for biological activity within the soil. 3. Maintain biological diversity within the system 4. Recycle materials and resources to the greatest extent possible within the enterprise.

90. Choose the Incorrect statements.

i) Only 20% of the irrigated land in India is affected by soil salinization problem.

ii) The salt accumulation in root zone results in complete loss of soil productivity.

iii) Problem Soils exist mainly in arid and semi-arid regions.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Nearly 50 percent of the irrigated land in the arid and semi-arid regions has some degree of soil salinization problems. The occurrence of accumulation of excess salt acid in the root zone, results in a partial or complete loss of soil productivity and such soil is defined as ‘Problem (alkali, saline & acid) Soils’ and exist mainly in arid and semi-arid regions.

91. Which of this Indian state does not predominantly contain the alkali soil?

a) Punjab

b) Orissa

c) Bihar

d) Uttar Pradesh

Explanation

The alkali soils are predominantly located in the Indo-Gangetic plains encompassing States of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and partly in States like, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

92. What are the main contributions of trees to the environment?

a) Improving air quality

b) Water conservation

c) Supporting Wildlife

d) All the above

Explanation

Trees contribute to their environment by providing oxygen, improving air quality, climate amelioration, conserving water, preserving soil and supporting wildlife.

93. Which is termed as the lungs of the earth?

a) Trees

b) Wildlife

c) Mountains

d) Ozone layer

Explanation

During the process of photosynthesis, trees take in carbon dioxide and produce the oxygen we breathe. So trees are considered to be the lungs of the earth.

94. How did the forests help to improve the replenishment of the water table?

a) Improves the Ozone layer function

b) Decreases the soil erosion

c) Diminishes runoff

d) Increases water flow

Explanation

Natural forests and tree plantations improve the water cycle in diminishing runoff and improving the replenishment of the water table.

95. Choose the correct statements.

i) A seed ball is a seed wrapped with fertilizers for easy growth.

ii) The seed is post-planted and can be sown in a fertile land.

iii) Seed balls are easy and sustainable way to cultivate plants.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

A seed ball (or seed bomb) is a seed that has been wrapped in soil materials, usually a mixture of clay and compost, and then dried. Essentially, the seed is ‘pre-planted’ and can be sown by depositing the seed ball anywhere suitable for the species, keeping the seed safely until the proper germination window arises. Seed balls are an easy and sustainable way to cultivate plants that provide a larger window of time when the sowing can occur.