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Political Ideologies Part – II 11th Political Science Lesson 9 Questions in English

11th Political Science Lesson 9 Questions in English

9] Political Ideologies Part – II

1. Which of this ideology is based on the Cooperative Human instincts?

a) Anarchism

b) Socialism

c) Marxism

d) Colonialism

Explanation

Anarchism is a political ideology that advocates the model of self-governed societies based on innate cooperative instincts of man.

2. State the real meaning of the root word of anarchism?

a) Self Government

b) Instinct

c) Without authority

d) Cooperative

Explanation

Etymologically, anarchism is derived from the Greek word ‘anarchos’ meaning ‘without authority’.

3. Which of these political philosophers described profit as theft?

a) Karl Marx

b) Pierre Joseph Proudhon

c) Karl Popper

d) Antonia Gramsci

Explanation

One of the earliest political philosophers of anarchism was Pierre Joseph Proudhon who famously described profit as theft.

4. Which of these personalities are the important advocates of Anarchism?

a) Peter Kropotkin

b) Antonia Gramsci

c) Leo Tolstoy

d) Both a and c

Explanation

Russian thinker Peter Kropotkin and Russian author Leo Tolstoy are among the other important advocates of the Anarchism philosophy.

5. From which of the following anarchism as an ideology seeks to free human?

a) State

b) Property

c) Religion

d) All the above

Explanation

Anarchism as an ideology seeks to abolish all authority and emancipate man from the State, property and religion. It alternatively visualizes a society based on voluntary association of human beings.

6. Which of these are considered as an evil by the anarchism ideology?

a) State

b) Profit

c) Property

d) Authority

Explanation

Anarchism considers the State as an unnecessary evil. State is an evil because it suppresses rights and liberties of man hindering his moral development.

7. Who claim the necessity of State even though it is evil?

a) Positive Liberalists

b) Negative Liberalists

c) Liberalists

d) Marxist

Explanation

The negative liberalists who called the State necessary even though it is an evil, anarchism reject the State as an unnecessary institution.

8. Why the state should be abolished according to Bakunin?

a) State does not perform any useful function in society.

b) Suppresses rights and liberties of man.

c) Domination and Subjugation of one class by another class.

d) State threatens self-ownership.

Explanation

Bakunin, another famous anarchist thinker asserted that if there is a State, there must be domination and subjugation of one class by another class and therefore all States must vanish.

9. Anarchy is based on which of these principles?

a) Marxism

b) Self-Ownership

c) Domination

d) Religion

Explanation

Anarchy is based upon the principle of self-ownership.

10. Which of these properties does anarchism claims to embody?

a) Voluntary

b) Order

c) Disunity

d) Freedom

Explanation

Anarchism does not champion the cause of disorder and disunity. On the contrary, it claims to embody order and unity.

11. Choose the correct statements.

i) Human beings are influenced by the Cooperative instincts.

ii) State is a natural institution suppresses the instincts of man.

iii) Anarchy means a society without rulers not without rules.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Human beings are naturally provided with cooperative instincts. They can lead a life of happiness and fulfillment guided by the instinct of voluntary cooperation. But the artificial institution of the State suppresses the cooperative instincts of man. It endangers freedom and rights of man. Anarchism aspires to destroy the State and implant in its place a new system of voluntary associations. Every man will voluntarily and enthusiastically participate in public life. Anarchy does not mean a society without rules, rather without rulers.

12. Which of these principles are threatened by the State?

a) Self-determination

b) Self-ownership

c) Self-identification

d) Both a and b

Explanation

Anarchism believes in the principles of self-determination and self-ownership. Every human being has the right to self-determination and can decide his or her life based on his wishes and freedom. Similarly, every person has complete ownership of himself or herself and this is the most basic form of property. The State threatens these two important principles and therefore should be discarded.

13. Which of these are condemned as a source of crime by anarchists?

a) State

b) Property

c) Religion

d) All the above

Explanation

Anarchism opposes not only State but also other social institutions like family and religion criticizing them to be responsible for the abominable exploitation of man. Some anarchists equate property with tyranny and condemn it as source of crime.

14. Which of these political ideology demands the abolition of state as Anarchism?

a) Marxism

b) Communalism

c) Capitalism

d) Communitarianism

Explanation

Anarchism is similar to Marxism in demanding the abolition of the State. But while Marxism believes that the State will wither away after the establishment of socialism, anarchism demands the immediate destruction of the State.

15. Who supported Anarchism in the 21st century?

a) Michael Walzer

b) Amitai Etzioni

c) Gerard Casey

d) Will Kymlicka

Explanation

Gerard Casey supported anarchism in the 21st century by stating that not only the totalitarian and repressive ones all States are criminal organizations. A new system of Stateless societies is the cherished goal of anarchism.

16. How many types of anarchism is categorized?

a) 3

b) 4

c) 7

d) 5

Explanation

There are different kinds of anarchism. They can be categorized as philosophical anarchism, socialist anarchism, revolutionary anarchism and libertarian anarchism.

17. Which of this anarchism restricts the State to minimum extent?

a) Revolutionary anarchism

b) Libertarian anarchism

c) Philosophical anarchism

d) Socialist anarchism

Explanation

The libertarian anarchism wants to restrict the State to the minimum possible extent. Still, a majority of anarchist philosophers advocate the abolition of the State.

18. What are the disadvantages of Anarchism ideology according to philosophers?

a) All Human beings are not instinctively cooperative.

b) Selfish natures of Human beings.

c) Assumptions of anarchism are plainly naive.

d) All the above

Explanation

Philosophers and critical of anarchism opined that anarchism is too optimistic of the human nature. Their assumptions are plainly naive. They are oblivious to the ground realities especially the selfish side of human beings. Not all human beings are instinctively cooperative.

19. Assertion (A): The Society without state will be the source of terrorism, Cybercrime and environmental pollution.

Reasoning(R): The Extremist group will gain access control in the absence of State.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

A world or society without the State will prove to be a source of immense misery as issues like terrorism, cybercrime and environmental pollution will spiral out of control. The safety of the world becomes fragile in the absence of the State as extremist groups will gain access and control over nuclear weapons and herald death and destruction.

20. State the idea of feminism.

a) Equality with men.

b) Promote Women empowerment.

c) Equal political rights for women.

d) All the above

Explanation

Feminism refers to the movements and ideologies that strive to promote empowerment of women so that they achieve equality with men.

21. Who are all considered as Feminist according to Cheris Kramarae?

a) Claiming voting rights to women.

b) Believing woman and man are endowed with same capacities.

c) Recognizes the equality and full humanity of women and men.

d) Assuring gender equality in personal and public domains.

Explanation

Feminism is the radical notion that women are people. A feminist is anyone who recognizes the equality and full humanity of women and men- Cheris Kramarae

22. When did the feminist school of thoughts emerged?

a) 10th century

b) 19th century

c) 21st century

d) 12th century

Explanation

Feminist schools of thought emerged on the horizon of Modern Political Theory from the last decades of the 19th century. It was propelled by scientific realization about the innate capability and equality of women with men.

23. Which of these does not belong to the feminist schools of thought?

a) Positive Feminism

b) Radical Feminism

c) Eco Feminism

d) Marxist Feminism

Explanation

There are different feminist schools of thought that can be broadly categorized as; Liberal Feminism, Marxist Feminism, Radical Feminism, Eco Feminism and Post-Colonial Feminism.

24. Which of these will be the greatest feat of liberal feminism in the western countries?

a) Endowment of Economic rights.

b) Scientific realization of equality of women and men.

c) Winning Voting rights to women.

d) Encouraging women Empowerment.

Explanation

The State was considered to be a gender neutral institution. Therefore granting of voting rights to women will culminate in the fruition of women development. The greatest feat of liberal feminism lies in winning voting rights to women in the democratic western countries.

25. Assertion (A): Liberal Feminism advocated equal political rights for women in the 19th century.

Reasoning(R): The subordination of women could be rectified with the electoral enfranchisement.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False

Explanation

Liberal Feminism: The feminist movement, in its infant stage in the late 19th century, advocated equal political rights for women. It believed that the subordination of women in society could be rectified with electoral enfranchisement of women and endowment of other political and economic rights.

26. Which of these exploitations were originated from the Ancient slave society?

a) Gender Inequality

b) Private property

c) Universalism

d) Both a and b

Explanation

Marxist Feminism placed gender inequality and exploitation in the origin of private property from the second stage of human history called Ancient Slave Society.

27. Who authored the book “The Origins of the Family, Private property and State”?

a) Rudolph Bahro

b) Karl Marx

c) Friedrich Engels

d) Murray Bookchin

Explanation

Friedrich Engels, a close associate of Karl Marx, wrote the book “The Origins of The Family, Private Property and the State”. He argued that subordination of women emerged with the rise of private property as men controlled the property and used it to establish their domination over women.

28. State the Incorrect statements regarding Marxist revolution.

i) Marxist revolution leads to the destruction of capitalism.

ii) It establishes communism where there will be no private property.

iii) There will be equality among men only.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Marxist revolution will lead to the destruction of capitalism and the establishment of communism where there will be no private property. There will be equality among not only men but also between men and women.

29. What is Radical Feminism?

a) The subordination of women in society could be rectified with electoral enfranchisement.

b) Women are subjugated deliberately for the purpose of exploitation.

c) The struggle for women liberation simultaneously with the struggle for liberation of the working class.

d) Women are closer to nature as both are food provider’s role in biological reproduction.

Explanation

Radical Feminism: There are no innate differences between men and women and women came to be subjugated deliberately for the purpose of exploitation is the ideological crux of Radical Feminism.

30. Who quoted “A Woman is not born but made”?

a) Simone de Beauvoir

b) Carole Hanisch

c) Rosemary Ruether

d) Ynestra King

Explanation

Simone de Beauvoir, the famous radical feminist and author of the work “The Second Sex”, asserted that “A woman is not born but made”. Both woman and man are endowed with same capacities when they are born.

31. How the Gender Inequality is created in the society?

a) Naturally

b) Artificially

c) Influencing thoughts

d) All the above

Explanation

Male-dominated society and culture known as patriarchy creates through indoctrination the inequality between them. The differences in gender are created artificially and unjustly.

32. Name the famous Radical Feminist.

a) Peter Kropotkin

b) Cheris Kramarae

c) Friedrich Engels

d) Carole Hanisch

Explanation

Carole Hanisch, a famous Radical Feminist, brought out the most important slogan of Radical Feminism – Personal is Political – to reveal patriarchal domination over women.

33. Choose the correct statements.

i) The liberal politics divides the activities of humankind into personal and public domains.

ii) The personal domain is considered to be a sphere of personal life where family operates.

iii) Women live in the personal sphere where there is no need for political rights, power and authority.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

The liberal politics divides the activities of humankind into personal and public domains. The personal domain is considered to be a sphere of personal life where family operates. It is believed that there is no scope for conflict and domination in this sphere and only love, affection and empathy are relevant. Women live in the personal sphere and therefore there is no need for political rights, power and authority for women.

34. Which of this domain is exclusively dominated by men?

a) Public Domain

b) Private Domain

c) Both a and b

d) None of the above

Explanation

But the public domain is a sphere of struggle, competition and therefore politics. This domain is dominated exclusively by men. Therefore, men alone participate in politics and possess political power.

35. Which of these are asserted by the Radical Feminism?

a) The State is an unnecessary evil.

b) The private and personal domain is also subject to politics.

c) The principles of self-determination and self-ownership.

d) To promote empowerment of women.

Explanation

Radical Feminism repudiates the above liberal exposition and asserts that private and personal domain is also subject to politics.

36. Which of this Feminism concept proposes gender equality in personal and public domains?

a) Cultural Feminism

b) Radical Feminism

c) Eco Feminism

d) Liberal Feminism

Explanation

Radical Feminism argues for a revolutionary re-ordering of society and politics to implant gender equality in personal and public domains.

37. Assertion (A): Eco-Feminism is the fusion of Environmentalism and feminism ideologies.

Reasoning(R): It provides the feminist interpretation of nature.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False

Explanation

Eco Feminism provides a feminist interpretation of nature. The two ideologies of Feminism and Environmentalism are fused in Eco Feminism.

38. Name the important architects of Eco-Feminism?

a) Francoise D’Eaubonne

b) Rosemary Ruether

c) Ynestra King

d) All the above

Explanation

The important architects of Eco Feminism are Francoise D’Eaubonne, Rosemary Ruether, Ynestra King and Vandana Shiva.

39. Who quoted that “Future women are going to lead the way to make peace with earth”?

a) Rosemary Ruether

b) Vandana Shiva

c) Carole Hanisch

d) Audre Lorde

Explanation

“We are either going to have a future where women lead the way to make peace with the earth or we are not going to have a human future at all.”- Vandana Shiva

40. How many number of schools of thoughts are classified in Eco Feminism?

a) 4

b) 3

c) 2

d) 5

Explanation

There are two schools of thought in Eco Feminism. They are Radical Feminism and Cultural Feminism.

41. What are the objectives of the Radical Feminism?

a) Eliminate patriarchy

b) Environmental preservation

c) Women Empowerment

d) Both b and c

Explanation

Radical Feminism asserts that patriarchy or male-dominated system subjugates and degrades both environment and women. Male domination of society must be eliminated to realize the twin objectives of environmental preservation and women empowerment.

42. Choose the Incorrect statements regarding Cultural Feminism.

i) It argues that women are closer to nature.

ii) The environmental degeneration affects both women and men in the same way.

iii) The Division of work between the two genders makes women more disadvantaged in the environmental crisis.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Cultural Feminism argues that women are closer to nature as both are food providers and play indispensable role in biological reproduction. The environmental degeneration affects women more than men. The division of work between the two genders leaves women more disadvantaged in the age of environmental crisis. They suffer more as in male dominant societies they are given the responsibilities directly linked with nature.

43. In which of these countries the Post-colonial feminism emerged as a movement?

a) Cuba

b) Asia

c) Europe

d) America

Explanation

Post-Colonial Feminism arose as an ideology and movement in the 1980s in the countries of Asia and Africa that were formerly enslaved in colonialism.

44. Who was the author of the work, “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House”?

a) Audre Lorde

b) Francoise D’Eaubonne

c) Carole Hanisch

d) Simone de Beauvoir

Explanation

Audre Lorde contributed to the emergence of Post-Colonial Feminism in one masterpiece essay “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House”

45. Which of these feminist is not involved in Post-colonial Feminism?

a) Ethel Crowley

b) Gyatri Spivak

c) Ynestra King

d) Chandra Talpade Mohanty

Explanation

Gyatri Spivak, Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Ethel Crowley are important Post-Colonial Feminists.

46. Match

A. Liberal Feminism i) Woman is not born but made

B. Marxist Feminism ii) Political Rights for women

C. Eco Feminism iii) Private property suppresses women

D. Radical Feminism iv) Women and nature are victims of patriarchy

a) ii, iv, iii, i

b) ii, iii, iv, i

c) i, iii, iv, ii

d) iii, i, ii, iv

Explanation

47. Which of these factors differentiate the homogenous category of Women?

a) Race

b) Religion

c) Country

d) All the above

Explanation

Women do not constitute a single and homogenous category as they are differentiated by a host of factors like class, race, religion and country.

48. Which of these issues were ignored by the Mainstream Feminism?

a) Crucial measures for protecting women.

b) Negative impact of western colonialism on Social and political status of Asian and African women.

c) The environmental degeneration affects and the women status.

d) Feminist interpretation of nature.

Explanation

The Mainstream feminism suffers from several deficiencies when applied to non-western societies. The Post-Colonial Feminism criticizes the negative impact of western colonialism on the social economic and political universe of women in Asia and Africa, a reality that was ignored and never experienced by the mainstream feminist thought.

49. Which of these issues have been faced by the Non-western women during the Colonisation?

a) Racism

b) Slavery

c) Forced migration

d) All the above

Explanation

The non-western women had experienced racism, slavery, forced migration and numerous other evils that make them different from the Western women.

50. Assertion (A): Post-colonial Feminism encourages the educated, modern and empowered projection of western women.

Reasoning(R): It claims that non-western women are the victims of double colonization.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Post-Colonial Feminism condemns the projection of the western women as educated, politically-conscious, modern and empowered and non-western women as passive, powerless victims. It also argues that women in these societies are victims of double colonization represented by the exploitative forces of colonialism and patriarchy.

51. Which of these Amendment acts provide the reservation for women in Panchayat and local bodies in India?

a) 31st and 32nd Amendment

b) 73rd and 74th Amendment

c) 63rd and 64th Amendment

d) 71 and 72nd Amendment

Explanation

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts reserve one-third of the seats in panchayat and urban local bodies for women. The implementation of reservation in elected local bodies in the last two decades has led to political empowerment of women.

52. State the guidelines issued by the Supreme Court of India to protect women in work places?

a) Vishakha

b) Nirbhaya

c) Ujjawala

d) Sukanya Samriddhi

Explanation

The Supreme Court of India had provided ‘Vishakha Guidelines’ to protect women from sexual harassment in working places.

53. Assertion (A): In 2013 the Union government of India enacted The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act.

Reasoning(R): This Act establishes Internal Complaints Committee to provide redressal to women

seeking justice from sexual harassment in their workplace.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

The Union government enacted The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.The Act establishes Internal Complaints Committee and Local Complaints Committee to provide redressal to women seeking justice from sexual harassment in their workplace.

54. In which year the Indian Parliament passed the Domestic violence Act for the protection of Women?

a) 2002

b) 2005

c) 2001

d) 2004

Explanation

The Indian Parliament had earlier passed The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 to provide justice and protection from violence within their homes.

55. When the Communitarianism emerged as a political doctrine?

a) 1674

b) 1980

c) 1756

d) 1887

Explanation

Communitarianism emerged as a political doctrine during the 1980s when Michael Sandel authored the book ‘Liberalism and the Limits of Justice’.

56. Which of this Political thinker was criticized by Michael Sandel in his works?

a) Jacques Derrida

b) Friedrich Nietzsche

c) John Rawls

d) Robert D. Putnam

Explanation

Michael Sandel criticized the libertarianism and its thinker John Rawls in his work “Liberalism and the Limits of Justice”.

57. Which of the personalities supported the concept of communitarianism?

a) Alisdair MacIntyre

b) Michael Walzer

c) Charles Taylor

d) All the above

Explanation

The other political scientists supporting communitarianism include Alisdair MacIntyre, Michael Walzer, Charles Taylor, Amitai Etzioni and Will Kymlicka.

58. Assertion (A): In 1840 the British Socialist Goodwyn Barmy coined the word communitarian.

Reasoning(R): The doctrine of communitarianism emerged at the end of the 19th century.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

The British Socialist Goodwyn Barmy coined the word “communitarian” in the 1840s, the doctrine of communitarianism emerged only towards the end of the 20th century.

59. Which is called as a community?

a) A Social unit

b) Group of People in same area.

c) Group of nation

d) All the above

Explanation

60. Which of these ideologies were opposed by the Communitarianism?

a) Libertarianism

b) Postmodernism

c) Marxism

d) Both a and c

Explanation

Communitarianism rose as a revolt against the prevailing two ideologies of libertarianism and Marxism. It criticized the thinkers of libertarianism for their over emphasis on individuals. It rejected Marxism for being committed to class-based action and analysis.

61. Which of the ruling policy of western countries was opposed by the Communitarianism?

a) Libertarianism

b) Post-Modernism

c) Anarchism

d) Capitalism

Explanation

The opposition of Communitarianism was directed against Libertarianism that had become the ruling philosophy of mankind especially in the western world.

62. Assertion (A): Communitarianism argues man as a social and cultural animal.

Reasoning(R): The Individual skill, capacity and attitude is influenced by the community.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Communitarianism argues that man is not born in a vacuum. He is a social and cultural animal. Individuals are born in a community or culture and therefore inherit it. Their beliefs, behavior, skills, capacities, attitudes are predominantly influenced by the community.

63. Choose the correct statements.

i) Man is an atomistic entity embedded in the community.

ii) The Individual is free from the society but situated in the society.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

Man is not an atomistic entity existing alone but is embedded in the community. The individual is not ‘unencumbered self’ (completely free) from society but ‘situated self’ (rooted and planted) in society.

64. Which of the philosophy connects the Individual and the community?

a) Libertarianism

b) Post-Modernism

c) Identity politics

d) Communitarianism

Explanation

Communitarianism is a philosophy that emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community.

65. What are the beliefs of the Communitarian philosophy?

a) Social identity of a Person

b) Community relationships

c) Personality of an individual

d) All the above

Explanation

Among a Communitarian philosophy is based upon the belief that a person’s social identity and personality are largely molded by community relationships, with a smaller degree of development being placed on individualism.

66. Which of these rights are balanced in the Communitarian philosophy?

a) Community, State

b) Individual, Community

c) State, Individual

d) Individual, World

Explanation

The Communitarian philosophy in short is balancing the Rights and Responsibilities of Individual with Rights and Responsibilities of Community.

67. According to Communitarianism which of these below is present in every Community?

a) Cultural traditions

b) Individual Good

c) Responsibilities

d) Common Good

Explanation

Communitarianism considers the State as a positive instrument that promotes the idea of the common good. The concept of common good is present in every community.

68. Assertion (A): The State must promote the activities of the individual good.

Reasoning(R): The Cultural traditions of the community should be protected and promoted by the State.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

The State should promote the realization of the common good and act against the activities that promote individual good in contradiction with common good. It should protect and promote those cultural traditions of the community that symbolize and sustain the common good.

69. Assertion (A): Communitarianism supports a democratically elected and constituted State.

Reasoning(R): The Constitution is responsible and responsive to the community demands.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Communitarianism supports a State that is democratically elected and constituted. They strongly aspire for a State that is responsible and responsive to demands of the community.

70. Which of the Libertarianism policies are rejected by the Communitarianism?

a) Individual Autonomy

b) Private Property

c) Universal law

d) Particularism of Justice

Explanation

Communitarianism believes that rights and responsibilities are intimately related. It rejects the excessive reliance of libertarianism on the concept of individual autonomy and rights.

71. State the new concept of Communitarianism?

a) Collectivism

b) Common Good

c) Universal Truth

d) Positive Rights

Explanation

Communitarianism focuses on a new concept of rights where common good is given importance. They strongly contend that the common good of the community has supremacy and priority over the rights of the individuals as it is prior to them.

72. State some of the Positive rights of Communitarianism?

a) State Subsidized Education

b) Safe environment

c) Universal Healthcare

d) All the above

Explanation

73. Who advocate the synthesis between rights and responsibilities?

a) Responsive Communitarianism

b) Postmodernism

c) Libertarianism

d) Radical Feminism

Explanation

A synthesis between rights and responsibilities is advocated by certain thinkers who belong to Responsive Communitarianism.

74. Which of these ideas of Libertarianism is opposed by the Communitarians?

a) Collectivism

b) Modernism

c) Universalism

d) Authoritarianism

Explanation

Communitarians attack John Rawls and other libertarian thinkers on the concept of justice. They reject universalism of libertarianism.

75. Choose the correct statements regarding the Communitarianism.

i) Communitarianism claims the development of situated and embedded man.

ii) The Common good is preserved and promoted for a positive state.

iii) Communitarians articulate the particularistic view of Justice.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Communitarians articulate the particularistic view of justice. Communitarianism as a political doctrine believes in the indispensability of community for the development of the ‘situated and embedded man’. The positive State should concentrate on the provision of positive rights to community and its people so that common good can be preserved and promoted.

76. Which of these Communitarianism policies are criticized by Libertarianism?

a) Collectivism

b) Modernity

c) Authoritarianism

d) Both a and c

Explanation

Libertarianism still criticizes Communitarianism as preparing the path for the emergence of collectivism and authoritarianism.

77. Which of these concepts are criticized by the Post-modernism ideology?

a) Marxism

b) Capitalism

c) Modernity

d) Communitarianism

Explanation

Postmodernism refers to a variety of ideas that criticize modernity and emerge as its successor and rival.

78. Which of these personalities are not related to the Post-modernism concepts?

a) Fredrick Nietzsche

b) Jean-Francois Lyotard

c) Francoise D’Eaubonne

d) Michel Foucalt

Explanation

The major proponents of Postmodernism include Fredrick Nietzsche, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Michel Foucalt and Jacques Derrida.

79. What are the dominant principles of Modernity?

a) Universalism

b) Rationality

c) Reductionism

d) All the above

Explanation

Modernity has dominated the political theory in the last 200 years. Rationality, universalism, reductionism are among the dominant principles of modernity.

80. Who is called as the Father of Post-Modernism?

a) Fredrick Nietzsche

b) Goodwyn Barmy

c) Arne Naess

d) Murray Book chin

Explanation

Fredrick Nietzsche is called Father of Post Modernism. He famously said “God is dead”. He argued that man should stop the search for the ultimate truth to explain human life. It is beyond our capacity.

81. Which of these are the beliefs of Modernity?

a) Universalism

b) Reductionism

c) Ultimate truth

d) All the above

Explanation

Modernity believes in universalism and reductionism. It explains all the phenomena through a single factor or one ultimate truth.

82. Which of these must be eliminated to solve the economy problems of human life according to Karl Marx?

a) Right to private property

b) Capitalism

c) Right to Human Rights

d) State laws

Explanation

Karl Marx said human life depends on economy and all problems can be solved by eliminating the right to private property.

83. State the view of the German philosopher Fredrick Hegel?

a) State should promote the realization of the common good.

b) World is the embodiment of World spirit.

c) There are no facts, only interpretations.

d) Deconstruction an approach to understand meanings and texts.

Explanation

Fredrick Hegel, the German philosopher argued that the world is nothing but the embodiment of World Spirit.

84. Assertion (A): Post-modernism explains the world and human life as a single factor.

Reasoning(R): Culture, Religion and Politics decide the Human life and this world.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is True.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Postmodernism advocates that the world and our life is complex and cannot be explained by a single factor. A host of factors like culture, language, religion, politics, and economy decide human life and this world.

85. Who stated that there are no facts only interpretations?

a) John Rawls

b) Friedrich Nietzsche

c) Karl Marx

d) Michel Foucalt

Explanation

There are no facts, only interpretations.- Friedrich Nietzsche

86. State the correct statements regarding Post-Modernism.

i) No absolute truth, only my truth

ii) Only Past and future, not the Present

iii) Underlying meaning and purposes.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Postmodernism: No Absolute truth, only my truth No past, no future, Only Now, No underlying meaning or purpose only my meaning and purpose

87. Who advocated the post-modern concept Deconstruction?

a) Ethel Crowley

b) Robert D. Putnam

c) Friedrich Nietzsche

d) Jacque Derrida

Explanation

Jacque Derrida was a French philosopher who advocated an innovative Post- modern concept called deconstruction. He provides deconstruction as an approach to understand meanings and texts. Multiple interpretations of a text exist and therefore Derrida suggests deconstructing the meanings of the text.

88. What is Deconstruction strategy according to Jacques Derrida?

a) Rules for Decoding and decryption.

b) Rules for reading, interpretation and writing.

c) Ideas criticize modernity.

d) Truth is not singular but plural.

Explanation

Deconstruction is explained as a strategy “Rules for reading, interpretation and writing.” Jacques Derrida

89. Choose the correct statements.

i) Modernity focuses on the rights of Specific social groups.

ii) Post-modernism focuses on changing the condition of specific social groups.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

Modernity pays attention to universal theory of rights or welfare. Post- modernism focuses on the rights of particular social groups like women, tribal and the like, who are less privileged. Modernity devotes attention to systemic change but Postmodernism focuses on emancipating or changing the condition of specific social groups.

90. Assertion (A): Identity politics is interlinked with the Post-modernism concept.

Reasoning(R): Identity politics refers to the activities of specific weak social groups or communities.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Identity politics is interlinked with post – modernism. Identity Politics refers to the activities of specific social groups usually the weak, vulnerable and under-privileged communities who organize themselves under the banner of their own caste, race, and gender to resist domination of other groups over them.

91. Which of this ideology promotes local communities?

a) Anarchism

b) Post-Colonial Feminism

c) Communitarianism

d) Identity politics

Explanation

Postmodernism and Identity Politics promote the empowerment of local, specific communities.

92. Why the Postmodernism is considered as dead according to Alan Kirby?

a) Digital-modernism

b) Technology driven

c) Universal theory

d) Complex policy

Explanation

Alan Kirby, a British cultural critic, said Postmodernism is dead as its cultural period is over and the world has entered digi-modernism or the Era of Digital Modernism.

93. State the ecological crisis in our planet earth.

a) Acid rain

b) Climate change

c) Ozone depletion

d) All the above

Explanation

The advent of modern science and technology driven development had devastated the planet’s environment precipitating several ecological crises like ozone depletion, climate change and acid rain.

94. State the view of Mahatma Gandhi on Nature and Human Being.

a) We have only one habitable planet in the entire universe and there is no alternative home.

b) Humanization of Nature and Naturalization of Human Being.

c) Humans are part of the environment and not conquerors of it.

d) Human beings are ‘ecological selves’

Explanation

Humanization of Nature and Naturalization of Human Being-Mahatma Gandhi

95. Assertion (A): Shallow ecology considers environment as the fulcrum of life of the world.

Reasoning(R): It accords the position of centrality and supremacy to nature in ecology.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Shallow Ecology refers to an ideology that approaches ecology through an anthropocentric and utilitarian outlook. It considers the human beings as fulcrum of life in this world. It accords the position of centrality and supremacy to man in ecology. It adopts an instrumental value of nature meaning that the ecology is important only as it useful to human welfare.

96. What is the nationality of the philosopher Anthony Weston?

a) Africa

b) Germany

c) America

d) England

Explanation

American philosopher Anthony Weston is the greatest supporter of shallow ecology.

97. What are the solutions for the environmental problem suggested by the Shallow ecology?

a) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

b) Regenerate, Reuse, Resume

c) Record, Resume, Reduce

d) Repeat, Request, Reproduce

Explanation

Shallow Ecology looks for technological solutions for any environmental problem. If pollution imperils environment then alternative energy sources that are renewable and environment friendly should be developed. It believes in the strategy of three R,s – reduce, reuse and recycle.

98. Who termed the term Deep Ecology?

a) Aldo Leopold

b) Rudolph Bahro

c) Marlee Martlin

d) Arne Naess

Explanation

Norwegian ecological philosopher Arne Naess coined the term Deep Ecology in 1973. He was influenced by Rachel Carson and Mahatma Gandhi.

99. Which of these are interlinked in Earth according to the Deep ecology theory?

a) Non-human biological forms, inanimate objects and forces

b) Human beings, Animals and Nature

c) Human Beings, Living things and Non-living forms

d) State, religion and private property

Explanation

Deep ecology theory argues that the planet Earth is constituted by three interlinked parts of the human beings, non-human biological forms and the inanimate objects and forces.

100. Who stated that Human are not conquerors of Environment?

a) Murray Bookchin

b) Carolyn Merchant

c) Aldo Leopold

d) Sundarlal Bahuguna

Explanation

Humans are part of the environment and not conquerors of it.”- Aldo Leopold

101. Choose the Incorrect statements of Deep Ecology.

i) All creatures on Earth have intrinsic value.

ii) Technological progress will solve all problems.

iii) Quality of life is more important than standard of living.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

102. The Shallow Ecology,

i) All creatures on Earth have value only for their usefulness to humans.

ii) The health of non-humans depends on decreasing the number of humans.

iii) Humans should always use all resources for their material and economic advantage.

iv) Leave environmental problems for the experts to solve.

a) i, ii, iii only

b) ii, iv only

c) i, iii, iv only

d) ii, iii only

Explanation

103. State the view of Marlee Martlin on Earth?

a) Humanization of Nature and Naturalization of Human Being.

b) Humans are part of the environment and not conquerors of it.

c) The Earth does not belong to us, we belong to the Earth.

d) Enough for everyone’s need but not for anyone’s greed.

Explanation

The Earth does not belong to us: we belong to the Earth.- Marlee Martlin

104. How many types of ecology are classified by Andrew Heywood?

a) 3

b) 4

c) 5

d) 7

Explanation

The words environment and ecology are synonymous. Andrew Heywood, the noted political scientist classifies ecology in political theory into three kinds Social Ecology, Modernist Ecology and Deep Ecology.

105. Which of these Ecologies are classified in Political theory?

a) Social Ecology

b) Modernist Ecology

c) Deep Ecology

d) All the above

Explanation

106. Who coined the term Social Ecology?

a) Murray Bookchin

b) Marlee Martlin

c) Andrew Heywood

d) Rudolph Bahro

Explanation

The term ‘Social Ecology’ was coined by American philosopher Murray Bookchin. It advocates radical changes in the existing social and political structures to make them ecologically correct.

107. Which of these is not the trend of Social Ecology?

a) Eco-Anarchism

b) Eco-Socialism

c) Eco-Feminism

d) Eco-Capitalism

Explanation

There are three distinct trends in Social Ecology, Eco-socialism, Eco-anarchism and Eco-feminism.

108. Which of this concept was discussed in the work of Rudolph Bahro?

a) Eco-Capitalism

b) Eco-Socialism

c) Eco-Feminism

d) Eco-Anarchism

Explanation

Rudolph Bahro in his book ‘From Red to Green’ supported eco-socialism.

109. What is considered as the enemy of ecology in the Eco-Socialism?

a) Imperialism

b) Industrialization

c) Capitalism

d) Anarchism

Explanation

Eco-Socialism considers capitalism as the enemy of ecology. By breeding materialism and consumerism capitalism has inflicted horrific destruction on the environment.

110. Which of these are considered as a threat to the ecology of planet?

a) Industry Revolution

b) Right to private property

c) Communism

d) Universalism

Explanation

The unlimited right to private property, the cardinal principle of capitalism endangers the precious health and wealth of the planet’s ecology.

111. Assertion (A): Eco-Socialism combines socialism and ecologism to nurture the environment.

Reasoning(R): The State must have the socialist content to protect the environment.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False

Explanation

Eco- socialism propounds a new approach in politics that combines socialism and ecologism. Socialism alone can nurture environment. The state must be imparted with a socialist content and direction to end the evil of capitalism and to protect environment.

112. Which of these is considered as the enemy of ecology by Eco-anarchism?

a) Right to property

b) Authority

c) Universalism

d) Communalism

Explanation

Murray Bookchin advocated eco-anarchism. It considers authority as the enemy of ecology.

113. Match

A. Marxist Feminism i) The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House

B. Post-Colonial Feminism ii) The Origins of The Family Private Property and the State

C. Eco-feminism iii) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice

D. Communitarianism iv) The Death of Nature

a) i, ii, iv, iii

b) iii, iv, ii, i

c) ii, i, iv, iii

d) ii, iv, i, iii

Explanation

Carolyn Merchant in the book ‘The Death of Nature’ propounded eco-feminism. Friedrich Engels, a close associate of Karl Marx, wrote the book “The Origins of The Family, Private Property and the State” related to Marxist Feminism. Audre Lorde contributed to the emergence of Post-Colonial Feminism in one masterpiece essay “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House. Communitarianism emerged as a political doctrine during the 1980s when Michael Sandel authored the book ‘Liberalism and the Limits of Justice”.

114. Which of these forces created domination and subjugation in the Society?

a) State

b) Religion

c) Private property

d) All the above

Explanation

In the ideal society, man establishes various associations based on voluntary cooperation to achieve development. But artificial forces of State, religion, private property have subverted the system and created structures of domination and subjugation

115. Which of this Game were analyzed in the communitarianism work of Robert D. Putnam?

a) Bowling

b) Baseball

c) Golf

d) Snooker

Explanation

Robert D. Putnam played a crucial role in the emergence of communitarianism. He analyzed the game of Bowling in America.

116. Choose the correct statements regarding the concepts of Eco-Feminism.

i) Eco-Feminism claims that patriarchy created the domination of man over women and Nature too.

ii) Patriarchy exploits both women and ecology in terms of their usage values.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) Both i and ii

d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation

Eco-feminism argues that patriarchy created the domination of man over not only women but over nature also. Patriarchy follows instrumental reason whereby both women and ecology are seen merely in terms of use value as objects to be exploited and not as subjects endowed with life and intrinsic worth.

117. What are the demands of the Eco-feminism to create the new world of Justice?

a) Gender and ecology sensitive politics

b) Equal rights to women

c) Increasing Women activists

d) State laws to protect the nature

Explanation

Eco- feminism demands gender and ecology sensitive politics so that a new world of justice and sustainability can be established.

118. Which of this concept is identical to the Modernist ecology?

a) Deep Ecology

b) Eco-Feminism

c) Shallow Ecology

d) Radical Feminism

Explanation

Modernist ecology is synonymous with shallow ecology. It attempts to promote a new harmony between liberalism and ecology.

119. Assertion (A): Man is considered as the center of the planet according to the Modernist ecology.

Reasoning(R): Human beings must involve in the long term developmental activities of humanity and ecology.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False

Explanation

Modernist ecology advocates a new ‘enlightened anthropocentricism’ where man, being the center of the planet must consider the long-term interests of humanity and ecology in his developmental activities and should not be driven solely by short-term interests.

120. Assertion (A): Modernist ecology believes in the concept of Inter-generational justice.

Reasoning(R): It is the moral responsibility of Human to protect and preserve earth for the future.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Modernist ecology believes in the concept of “inter-generational justice” and argues that we did not inherit the earth from our previous generations but borrowed it from the future generations of humanity and therefore, there is a moral responsibility to protect and preserve the earth for their life in the future.

121. State the basic characteristic of the Modernist ecology.

a) Getting rich faster

b) Sustainable development

c) Inter-Justice

d) Moral responsibility

Explanation

The concept of ‘sustainable development’ is a basic characteristic of modernist ecology. It argues that ‘getting richer faster’ should not be the goal of human world rather ‘getting richer slower’ should be its guiding approach.

122. What type of ideology is the Modernist ecology?

a) Homogenous

b) Universalism

c) Heterogeneous

d) Mixed

Explanation

The modernist ecology is not a homogenous ideology. On the contrary, it is heterogeneous. There are different perspectives and prescriptions.

123. Which of these establishments tilted state intervention in markets?

a) Green

b) Green State

c) Green Capitalism

d) All the above

Explanation

Certain followers have called for the establishment of a totalitarian ‘Green State’ to protect ecology. Another group of supporters demanded ‘Green Capitalism’. The majority of advocates and supporters of modernist ecology suggested the green tilted State intervention in market to protect ecology and satisfy human interests.

124. Choose the correct statements.

i) Deep ecology advocates the classical old style of politics and policies towards nature.

ii) Deep Ecology claims for a fundamental shift in the Politics and nature relationship.

iii) Politics must respect and protect all the biological forms found in ecology.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) All the above

Explanation

Deep Ecology advocates a new style of politics, policy and political attitude towards nature. It argues for a fundamental shift in the relationship between politics and nature. Politics must understand, respect and protect the element of inter connectedness found in ecology linking the human beings, other biological forms and the inanimate world.

125. Choose the Incorrect statements regarding the Bisnoi movement in India.

i) In 18th century Bisnoi was a successful violent struggle in the Indian ecological movement.

ii) Bisnoi is a religious sector in the deserts of Rajasthan.

iii) Guru Jambeshwar founded the Bisnoi sector.

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) None of the above

Explanation

Bisnoi non-violent struggle was a successful ecological movement in the 18th century in Rajasthan. Bisnoi is a religious sect in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan founded by Guru Jambeshwar in medieval period.

126. Assertion (A): Bisnoi sector protected and promoted the ecology as a socio religious belief.

Reasoning(R): Bisnoi in Hindi means 29 which represent the 29 principles of the founder.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Bisnoi in Hindi means 29 and the sect came to be named after the 29 cardinal principles the founder expounded. The sect promoted a socio-religious belief system in perfect harmony with ecology creating a lush green local ecosystem in the desert.

127. Who protested in the frontline in the Bisnoi movement?

a) The Maharaja of Jodhpur

b) Guru Jambeshwar

c) Amrita Devi

d) People of Khejarli village

Explanation

The maharaja of Jodhpur desired to construct a palace in the 18th century and sent the army to the Khejarli village to cut the acacia trees in the locally nurtured forest. The ecologically- conscious local population protested against the cutting of trees. An elderly woman named Amrita Devi was in the frontline of the protest and when the army refused to desist from cutting the trees she hugged the trees asking the army to cut her head instead of cutting the trees.

128. Which was the first greatest ecological movement in Modern India?

a) Chipko movement

b) Bisnoi movement

c) Save silent valley movement

d) Appiko movement

Explanation

The maharaja after knowing about the terrible events in the village recalled the army and offered his apologies for the massacre. He also officially designated the area as a protected forest. Bisnoi Khejarli movement is perhaps, the first greatest ecological movement of modern India.

129. When the Chipko movement was organized in India?

a) 1970

b) 1967

c) 1973

d) 1962

Explanation

Chipko movement was a non-violent popular, ecological movement organized by villagers in the mountain state of Uttarakhand in 1973.

130. Identify the Incorrect Match

A. Chipko i) To Hug

B. Appiko ii) To Embrace

C. Bisnoi iii) Silent valley

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) None of the above

Explanation

‘Chipko’ in Hindi means to hug. ‘Appiko’ in Kannada means to embrace. Bisnoi in Hindi means 29 which represent the 29 principles of the founder.

131. In which state the Chipko movement was started?

a) Uttarakhand

b) Rajasthan

c) Karnataka

d) Bihar

Explanation

The agitators of Chipko movement embraced the trees to protect them from being cut thereby earning the name Chipko movement. The contractors of sports Goods Company began to cut the trees in the Alknanda valley of the Uttarakhand state (part of Utter Pradesh at that time) after getting government clearance. The enraged local population, especially women protested in a non- violent manner by embracing the trees and prevented the contractors.

132. Who was the founder of Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal?

a) Sundarlal Bahuguna

b) Bachni Devi

c) Chandi Prasad Bhatt

d) Dhoom Singh Negi

Explanation

The organizational leadership for the Chipko movement was provided by an NGO called Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal (DGSM) that was formed a few years back by a noted social activist Chandi Prasad Bhatt.

133. Name the leaders who actively participated in the Chipko movement?

a) Dhoom Singh Negi

b) Bachni Devi

c) Sundarlal Bahuguna

d) All the above

Explanation

The famous environmentalist Sundarlal Bahuguna joined the agitation and appealed to the union government to ban logging in the Himalayan forests. The large-scale participation of women was a significant and laudable feature of the Chipko movement. Many women leaders like Dhoom Singh Negi, Bachni Devi played a prominent role fighting for forest rights of the people.

134. Which of these ideologies were not portrayed in the Chipko movement?

a) Liberalization

b) Feminism

c) Environmentalism

d) Gandhism

Explanation

The Chipko movement symbolizes the successful fusion of three major ideologies of feminism, environmentalism and Gandhism.

135. Assertion (A): The Ecological protest in the Western Ghats of Karnataka district was termed as the Appiko movement.

Reasoning(R): The Appiko movement was inspired by the Chipko movement.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False

Explanation

The Appiko movement is an ecological protest movement in Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka in the Western Ghats. It was inspired by the Chipko Movement.

136. What was the percentage of forest cover in the Uttar Kannada district in 1980?

a) 81%

b) 35%

c) 24%

d) 12%

Explanation

The launch of many developmental projects in the Karnataka district has precipitated deforestation reducing the forest cover of the district from a massive 81 percent in 1950 to an alarming 24 percent in 1980.

137. What were the objectives of the Appiko movement?

a) Rational utilization of forests.

b) Conserving tropical forests.

c) Afforestation

d) All the above

Explanation

The ecologically-conscious people launched the Appiko movement with three-fold objectives of conservation of remaining tropical forests, afforestation of the denuded forests and dissemination of ideas on rational utilization of forests.

138. In which of these districts of Kerala the silent valley is situated?

a) Idukki

b) Palakkad

c) Azhapula

d) Kannur

Explanation

The silent valley is an ecologically rich terrain in the Western Ghats in the Palakkad district of Kerala consisting of the tropical moist evergreen forests largely undisturbed by human activities.

139. Assertion (A): The Silent valley was named after the Sairandhiri, the wife of Pandavas in the Indian epic.

Reasoning(R): The Englishmen named as silent valley as it didn’t had the noise making insects Cicadas.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False

Explanation

The valley is named after Sairandhiri (Draupati), the wife of Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata. Another explanation of the nomenclature says that when the Englishmen visited there during the colonial period the valley was observed to be strangely silent because of the supposed absence of the noise-making insect Cicadas.

140. State the Binomial name of the silent valley.

a) Rucervus duvaucelii

b) Panthera leo persica

c) Bubalus bubalis arnee

d) Macaca Silenus

Explanation

The valley is rich in biodiversity. The lion-tailed macaque is abundantly found in the valley. There is even an argument that the valley itself is named after the binomial name of lion-tailed macaque, Macaca Silenus

141. Above which of the river the Silent valley Hydro Electricity project was planned?

a) Kallada

b) Kunthipuzha

c) Chaliyar

d) Bharatapuzha

Explanation

The Kerala State Electricity Board began to implement Silent Valley Hydro Electricity Project across the river Kunthipuzha in the valley in the 1970s.

142. Assertion (A): The Kerala Government dropped the Silent valley Hydro Electricity project in the year 1980.

Reasoning(R): Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad and other organizations protested intensely against the silent valley project.

a) Both A and R is True and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is True but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False

Explanation

The Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad, other civil society organizations and ecologically-conscious people conducted an intense protest against the Silent Valley Hydro Electricity Project. They criticized the negative impact of the project on the environment especially the bio diversity of the valley. The Kerala government, in the face of stiff opposition from diverse sections of society dropped the project in 1980.

143. When the Silent valley was declared as a national park?

a) 1983

b) 1980

c) 1986

d) 1985

Explanation

The valley was declared a national park in 1985 and later on it came to be designated as the core area of the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve. The Save Silent Valley movement is one of the most successful ecological movements of India in late 20th century.

144. Identify the Incorrect match

A. Carole Hanisch i) Personal is Political

B. Simone de Beauvoir ii) A Woman is not born but made

C. Fredrick Nietzsche iii) No Absolute truth, only my truth

a) i only

b) ii only

c) iii only

d) None of the above

Explanation

Personal is Political – Carole Hanisch; A Woman is not born but made”- Simone de Beauvoir; Nietzsche is called Father of Post Modernism. He famously said “God is dead”.

145. Match the Books with its respective Authors.

A. Fredrick Rudolph Bahro i) The Death of Nature

B. Simone de Beauvoir ii) From Red to Green

C. Carolyn Merchant iii) The Second Sex

a) ii, iii, i

b) iii, i, ii

c) i, iii, ii

d) ii, i, iii

Explanation

Simone de Beauvoir, the famous radical feminist and author of the work “The Second Sex. Fredrick Rudolph Bahro in his book ‘From Red to Green’ supported eco-socialism. Carolyn Merchant in the book ‘The Death of Nature’ propounded eco-feminism.

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