Cultural Development in South India 11th History Lesson 4 Questions in English

11th History Lesson 4 Questions in English

4] Cultural Development in South India

1. The political history of south India during the sixth century to ninth century CE was marked by conflicts between which two kingdoms?

1. Pallavas and Chalukyas
2. Cholas and Chalukyas
3. Pallavas and Cholas
4. Cholas and Vijayanagar

Explanation

The political history of south India during the sixth century to ninth century CE was marked by conflicts between the Chalukyas of Badami (also known as Western Chalukyas), and the Pallavas of Kanchi.

2. In which of the following language pallavas issued Inscription?

1. Kannada
2. Telugu
3. Sanskrit
4. Pali

Explanation

Inscriptions issued by Pallavas in Tamil and Sanskrit, recording land grants to Brahmins, as well as the royal and the non-royal gifts made to religious establishment are equally important sources.

3. Which of the following statement is correct

1. The Bhakti movement, which impacted the entire sub-continent, originated in the Tamil country during this period the sixth century to ninth century CE. It also broke new grounds in areas like devotional literature, art and architecture.
2. Inscriptions on copperplates, on temple walls and pillars form a major source of historical information for this period.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

4. The Aihole inscription of Pulikesin II composed by which poet in Sanskrit is among the most important of Chalukyan inscriptions?

1. Ravikirti
2. Pampa
3. Harivarma
4. Nagavarmacharya

Explanation

The Aihole inscription of Pulikesin II composed by his court poet Ravikirti in Sanskrit is among the most important of Chalukyan inscriptions.

5. In which of the following language Chalukyas didn’t issued Inscription?

1. Kannada
2. Telugu
3. Tamil
4. Pali

Explanation

Inscriptions issued by Chalukyas in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit languages.

6. Who among the following was the writer of Vikramarjuna-vijayam?

1. Ravikirti
2. Pampa
3. Harivarma
4. Nagavarmacharya

Explanation

Kavirajamarga, a work on poetics in Kannada, Vikramarjuna-vijayam, also called Pampa-bharata, by Pampa in Kannada, which were all of a later period.

7. Whose Mahabharatam in Telugu provide useful historical data?

1. Manickavasagar
2. Pothana
3. Vemana
4. Nannaya

Explanation

Nannaya’s Mahabharatam in Telugu also provide useful historical data.

8. The poems of the Vaishnavite Azhwars were later compiled as what?

1. Nalayira Divya Prabhandam
2. Panniru Tirumurai
3. Mahabharatha
4. Vishnu Purana

Explanation

The poems of the Vaishnavite Azhwars were later compiled as the Nalayira Divya Prabhandam.

9. Who among the following did not compose Thevaram?

1. Appar
2. Sambandar
3. Sundarar
4. Manickavasagar

Explanation

The Thevaram, composed by Appar (Thirunavukkarasar), Sambandar (Thirugnanasambandar) and Sundarar

10. The Saiva literature was canonized as what?

1. Nalayira Divya Prabhandam
2. Panniru Tirumurai
3. Thiruvilayadal
4. Siva Purana

Explanation

The Bhakti movement which originated in South India found its greatest expression in the songs composed by the Azhwars and Nayanmars. The Saiva literature was canonized as the Panniru Tirumurai.

11. Which among the following was composed by Manickavasagar?

1. Mahabharatam
2. Mahavamsa
3. Thiruvasagam
4. Periyapuranam

Explanation

Thiruvasagam was written by Manickavasagar. Thevaram and Thiruvavasagam are prominent texts which are read as sacred literature to this day.

12. Who wrote Periyapuranam in later period , also provides much historical information?

1. Kambar
2. Sekizhar
3. Tirumular
4. Sambandar

Explanation

Periyapuranam written by Sekizhar, in a later period, also provides much historical information.

13. In which language Mathavilasa Prahasanam was written by Mahendravarman I, an important source for Pallava period?

1. Tamil
2. Telugu
3. Kannada
4. Sanskrit

Explanation

The Mathavilasa Prahasanam written by Mahendravarman I in Sanskrit, is an important source for the Pallava period.

14. The Allahabad Pillar inscription of whom provide details of Pallava – Chalukya conflict?

1. Chandragupta I
2. Chandragupta II
3. Samudra Gupta
4. Skanda Gupta

Explanation

Many inscriptional sources including the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta and the Aihole inscription of the Chalukya king Pulakisin II provide details of Pallava – Chalukya conflict.

15. The Velurpalayam copper plates belong to which King?

1. Nandivarman III
2. Parameshwaravarman
3. Mahendravarman I
4. Pulakisin II

Explanation

The Kuram copper plates of Parameshwaravarman and the Velurpalayam copper plates of Nandivarman III record their military achievements. Coins help us to understand the economic condition of the period.

16. Which among the following is the Buddhist source give us details about the socio-religious and cultural conditions of the Pallava times?

1. Abhidharma
2. Sarvastivada
3. Deepavamsa
4. Mahavastu

Explanation

Buddhist sources such as Deepavamsa and Mahavamsa, written in Pali, give us details about the socio-religious and cultural conditions of the Pallava times.

17. Who among the following Chinese Traveller gives us detail about pallava times religious and culture condition?

1. Hiuen Tsang
2. Fa Hien
3. Yijing
4. Wu Chengén

Explanation

The accounts of Chinese travellers Hiuen Tsang and Itsing give us details about the socio-religious and cultural conditions of the Pallava times.

18. Who among the following is not the Arab travellers and geographers tell us about the socio-political conditions of Pallava period?

1. Sulaiman
2. Al-Masudi
3. Muhammad Ul Talik
4. Ibn Hauka

Explanation

The ninth and tenth century writings of Arab travellers and geographers such as Sulaiman, Al-Masudi, and Ibn Hauka also tell us about the socio-political and economic conditions of India of this period. The sculptures in the temples in Aihole, Badami, Pattadakal reflect the culture of the times.

19. How many Chalukya families are there?

1. Four
2. Two
3. Seven
4. Nine

Explanation

There are two Chalukya families: Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi) and Chalukyas of Kalyani.

20. Who was the founder of Chalukya Dynasty?

1. Vikramaditya I
2. Tailapa I
3. Pulikesin I
4. Kirtivarman

Explanation

Chalukya dynasty emerged as a strong power with its founder Pulikesin I (c. 535 – 566 CE) fortifying a hill near Badami.

21. What was the capital of Chalukya Dynasty?

1. Gokarna
2. Hampi
3. Aihole
4. Badami

Explanation

The capital of Chalukya Dynasty was Badami.

22. Pulikesin I declared Independence from which dynasty?

1. Rashtrakuta
2. Pallava
3. Kadambas
4. Vijayanagar

Explanation

Pulikesin I declared independence from the Kadambas. It is said that he conducted yagnas and performed the asvameda sacrifice.

23. Who founded the capital of Chalukya dynasty?

1. Vikramaditya I
2. Tailapa I
3. Pulikesin I
4. Kirtivarman

Explanation

The capital Badami was founded by Kirtivarman (566-597).

24. Who after defeating Mangalesha, proclaimed himself as king, an event that is described in the Aihole inscription?

1. Pulikesin II
2. Kirtivarman
3. Tailapa I
4. Battariga II

Explanation

Pulikesin I’s grandson Pulikesin II (609-(642), after defeating Mangalesha, proclaimed himself as king, an event that is described in the Aihole inscription.

25. Who was defeated by Pulikesin II on the banks of the Narmada?

1. Mahendravarman
2. Krishna Varma II
3. Harshavardhana
4. Mayurasharma

Explanation

One of the most outstanding victories of Pulikesin II was the defeat of Harshavardhana’s army on the banks of the Narmada.

26. Who among the following did not accepted the suzerainty of Pulikesin II?

1. Kings of Malwa
2. Kings of Kalinga
3. Kings of pallava
4. Kings of Eastern Deccan

Explanation

The kings of Malwa, Kalinga, and eastern Deccan accepted the suzerainty of Pulikesin II. His victories over Kadambas of Banvasi, and Gangas of Talakad (Mysore) are also worthy of note.

27. Pulikesin’s II attempt to attack which region was thwarted by Mahendravarma Pallava?

1. Kanchipuram
2. Mahabalipuram
3. Rameswaram
4. Konark

Explanation

Pulikesin II his attempt to attack Kanchipuram was thwarted by Mahendravarma Pallava. This led to a prolonged war between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas.

28. Which Pallava King, attacked and occupied Badami?

1. Mahendravarma I
2. Narasimha Varman I
3. Nandi Varman I
4. Aparajitavarman I

Explanation

Narasimha Varman I (630-668), the Pallava King, attacked and occupied Badami. Pulikesin II died in the battle. Pallava control over Badami and the southern parts of the Chalukya empire continued for several years.

29. In the mideighth century, the Badami Chalukyas were overpowered and replaced by whom?

1. Cholas
2. Satavahanas
3. Rashtrakutas
4. Kakatiya

Explanation

In the mideighth century, the Badami Chalukyas were overpowered and replaced by the Rashtrakutas.

30. Which of the following statement regarding Chalukyas is incorrect

1. The Queen was the head of the administration. In dynastic succession primogeniture was not strictly followed.
2. Generally, the elder was to be appointed as yuvaraja while the king was in the office. The heir apparent got trained in literature, law, philosophy, martial arts and others.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

The king was the head of the administration. In dynastic succession primogeniture was not strictly followed.

31. The Chalukyan kings claimed to rule according to what?

1. Raja-sastra and Niti-sastra
2. Niti-sastra and Deiva-sastra
3. Dharma-sastra and Niti-sastra
4. Dharma-sastra and Raja-sastra

Explanation

Chalukyan kings claimed to rule according to dharma-sastra and nitisastra. Pulikesin I (543-566) was well-versed in manu-sastra, puranas, and itihasas.

32. Which among the following is not the assumed titles of Chalukya kings?

1. Maharajan
2. Dharmaselan
3. Sathyasrayan
4. Sri-Pritivi-Vallaban

Explanation

In the beginning, the Chalukya kings assumed titles such as Maharajan, Sathyasrayan and Sri-Pritivi-Vallaban.

33. After defeating Harshavardhana, Pulikesin II assumed which title?

1. Varaharamsa
2. Karthikeyan
3. Narasimha
4. Parameswaran

Explanation

After defeating Harshavardhana, Pulikesin II assumed the title of Parameswaran. Bhattarakan and Maharajathirajan, soon became very popular titles.

34. Which among the following is not the titles of pallava kinga?

1. Dharma maharajaadhi raja
2. Dharma maharaja
3. Maharaja Dhesing
4. Maharajadhiraja

Explanation

In the Pallava kingdom, kings took high-sounding titles such as Dharma maharajaadhi raja, Maharajadhiraja, Dharma maharaja, Maharaja.

35. In the Hirahadagalli plates the pallava king is introduced as the performer of what?

1. Agnistoma Sacrifices
2. Vajapeya Sacrifices
3. Asvamedha Sacrifices
4. All the above

Explanation

In the Hirahadagalli plates the pallava king is introduced as the performer of agnistoma, vajapeya and asvamedha sacrifices.

36. What was the royal insignia of the Chalukyas?

1. Wild Boar
2. Buffalo
3. Sloth Bear
4. Black Bear

Explanation

The wild boar was the royal insignia of the Chalukyas. It was claimed that it represented the varaha avatar of Vishnu in which he is said to have rescued the Goddess of the Earth.

37. Which among the following was the symbol of the Pallavas?

1. Tiger
2. Bull
3. Sphere
4. Agni

Explanation

The bull, Siva’s mount, was the symbol of the Pallavas.

38. Which line of chalukya dynasty appointed royal ladies as provincial governors?

1. Jayasimhan I
2. Tailapa I
3. Pulikesin I
4. Vikramaditya I

Explanation

Chalukya dynasty of Jayasimhan I line appointed royal ladies as provincial governors. They also issued coins in some instances. Vijya Bhattariga, a Chalukya princess, issued inscriptions.

39. Which pallava Queen image, is found in the inscription in Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram?

1. Viranarayani
2. Viman Kundavi
3. Panchavanmadevi
4. Rajasimha

Explanation

Pallava queens did not take active part in the administration of the kingdom, but they built shrines, and installed images of various deities, and endowed temples. The image of Queen Rangapataka, the queen of Rajasimha, is found in the inscription in Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram.

40. Which among the following Ministers position is not correctly matched

1. Pradhana – head minister
2. Mahasandhi-vigrahika – minister of agricultural
3. Amatya – revenue minister
4. Samaharta – minister of exchequer

Explanation

Four other categories of ministers are also referred to in the epigraphs: Pradhana (head minister), Mahasandhi-vigrahika (minister of foreign affairs), Amatya (revenue minister), and Samaharta (minister of exchequer).

41. Which among the following statement regarding Chalukyas is correct

1. All powers were vested in the king along with prince. Inscriptions do not specifically speak of a council of ministers, but they do refer to an official called Raja-simharika.
2. Chalukyas divided the state into political divisions for the sake of administration: Vishayam, Rastram, Nadu and Grama. Epigraphs speak of the officials like vishayapatis, samantas, gramapohis and mahatras.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

All powers were vested in the king. Inscriptions do not specifically speak of a council of ministers, but they do refer to an official called maha-sandhi-vigrahika.

42. Who exercised the power at the behest of the kings?

1. Samantas
2. Gramapohis
3. Vishayapatis
4. Mahatras

Explanation

Vishayapatis exercised the power at the behest of the kings.

43. Who were feudal lords functioning under the control of the state?

1. Samantas
2. Gramapohis
3. Vishayapatis
4. Mahatras

Explanation

Samantas were feudal lords functioning under the control of the state. Grampohis and gramkudas were village officials. Mahatras were the prominent village men.

44. Who was Generally appointed as provincial governors by king?

1. Queens
2. Sons
3. Brahmin (Priest)
4. Samantas

Explanation

Generally, the king appointed his sons as the provincial governors.

45. Which among the following term is not used to refer Governers?

1. Raja
2. Marakka-Rajan
3. Soma-Ranjan
4. Rajaditya-Raja-Parameswaran

Explanation

The governors called themselves raja, marakka-rajan and rajaditya-raja-parameswaran. Some governors held the title maha-samanta and maintained troops.

46. What was the Vishaya divided into?

1. Sukki
2. Pukti
3. Savri
4. Rakya

Explanation

The chief of vishaya was vishayapati. In turn, vishaya was divided into pukti. Its head was pogapati.

47. What was the following was the special officer in charge of maintaining order and peace of the village?

1. Pokignan
2. Gramani
3. Mahapurush
4. Kamunda

Explanation

There was a special officer called mahapurush, in charge of maintaining order and peace of the village.

48. Who appoint the Kamunda, the central figure in village administration?

1. Vishayapatis
2. Nalakavundas
3. Kings
4. Samantas

Explanation

The central figure in village administration was kamunda or pokigan who were appointed by the kings.

49. From where the Brahmins invited and settled to perform regular pujas and conduct festivals and ceremonies in the temples?

1. Gangetic region
2. Mathura region
3. Udaipur region
4. Kosala region

Explanation

Brahmin groups were invited from the Gangetic regions and settled to perform regular pujas and conduct festivals and ceremonies in the temples.

50. Match the following List I with List II and choose correct answer

List I (Officer) List II (Officer Field)

1. Gramani 1. Revenue Official in Village
2. Mahajanam 2. Accountant in Village
3. Nalakavundas 3. Officials of Town
4. Nagarapatis 4. Law and Order in Village
5. 2 – 4 – 1 – 3
6. 3 – 1 – 4 – 2
7. 3 – 2 – 4 – 1
8. 4 – 3 – 1 – 2

Explanation

The traditional revenue officials of the villages were called the nalakavundas. The village accountant was karana and he was otherwise called gramani. Law and order of the village was in the hands of a group of people called mahajanam. Nagarapatis or Purapatis were the officials of the town.

51. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The Chalukyas patronised only Saivism. They built more temples for Siva and less for Vishnu. Notable Chalukya rulers like Kirtivarman (566-597), Mangalesa (597-609), and Pulikesin II (609-642) performed yagnas. They bore titles such as parama-Karthikeya and Parama-Maheswara
2. Chalukyas gave prominent place to Kartikeyan, the war god. Saiva monasteries became centres for popularising Saivism.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

The Chalukyas patronised both Saivism and Vaishnavism. They built temples for Siva and Vishnu. Notable Chalukya rulers like Kirtivarman (566-597), Mangalesa (597-609), and Pulikesin II (609-642) performed yagnas. They bore titles such as parama-vaishana and parama-maheswara.

52. Who was the poet-laureate of Pulikesin II, was a Jain scholar?

1. Tulsidas
2. Surdas
3. Vallabha
4. Ravikirti

Explanation

Chalukyas patronised heterodox sects also and lavishly donated lands to the Jain centres. Ravikirti, the poet-laureate of Pulikesin II, was a Jain scholar.

53. On whose reign a Jain village official built a Jain temple in a place called Annigere?

1. Vikramaditya II
2. Kirtivarman II
3. Pulakeshin II
4. Tailapa II

Explanation

In the reign of Kirtivarman II (744-755) a Jain village official built a Jain temple in a place called Annigere.

54. Which prince appointed Gunapatra, a Jain monk, as his master?

1. Ravindra
2. Vikramaditya I
3. Krishna
4. Maheswara

Explanation

The prince Krishna (756-775) appointed Gunapatra, a Jain monk, as his master.

55. Which Jain monk was the author of Jainentriya-viyakarnam?

1. Ravikirti
2. Pujyapatar
3. Vijayadityan
4. Ravindran

Explanation

Pujyapatar the author of Jainentriya-viyakarnam was a Jain monk, a contemporary of Vijayadityan (755-772).

56. According to whom there were many Buddhist centres in the Chalukya territory wherein more than 5000 followers of the Hinayana and Mahayana?

1. Fa Hein
2. Kalidasa
3. Skanda Gupta
4. Hiuen Tsang

Explanation

According to Hiuen Tsang, there were many Buddhist centres in the Chalukya territory wherein more than 5000 followers of the Hinayana and Mahayana sects lived.

57. A chieftain of Pulikesin II authored a grammar work Saptavataram in which language?

1. Telugu
2. Sanskrit
3. Tamil
4. Kannada

Explanation

Chalukyas used Sanskrit in pillar inscriptions such as in Aihole and Mahakudam. A chieftain of Pulikesin II authored a grammar work Saptavataram in Sanskrit.

58. Which of the following statement is correct

1. Historically, in Deccan, Chalukyas introduced the technique of building temples using soft sandstones as medium. In Badami, two temples are dedicated to Vishnu and one each to Siva and to the Jaina tirthankaras
2. Their temples are grouped into two: excavated cave temples and structural temples. Badami is known for both structural and excavated cave temples. Pattadakal and Aihole are popular for structural temples.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

59. A seventh-century inscription of a Chalukya king at Badami mentions which language as the local prakrit, meaning the people’s language?

1. Telugu
2. Tamil
3. Kannada
4. Sanskrit

Explanation

A seventh-century inscription of a Chalukya king at Badami mentions Kannada as the local prakrit, meaning the people’s language, and Sanskrit as the language of culture. A chieftain of Pulikesin II authored a grammar work Saptavataram in Sanskrit.

60. Which was the headquarters of the famous medieval Ayyavole merchants’ guild was an important commercial centre?

1. Konark
2. Aihole
3. Badami
4. Hampi

Explanation

Built in 634, Aihole, the headquarters of the famous medieval Ayyavole merchants’ guild was an important commercial centre. About seventy temples are located in Aihole.

61. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The earliest stone-built temple is Virupaksha temple at Aihole. Its unique trait is a stucco pillar with a big capital distinct from northern style.
2. Chalukyas also built Jain temples. Megudi Jain temple is illustrative of the evolution of temple architecture under the Chalukyas. The mandapa-type caves are preserved at Aihole
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

The earliest stone-built temple is Lad Khan temple. Its unique trait is a stucco pillar with a big capital distinct from northern style.

62. To which Goddess a temple dedicated was built on the model of Buddha Chaitya?

1. Lakshmi
2. Durga
3. Radha
4. Saraswathi

Explanation

A temple dedicated to the goddess Durga was built on the model of Buddha Chaitya. It stands on a raised platform in the form of semi-circle. Another temple, dedicated to the same goddess is called Huccimalligudi, which is rectangular in shape.

63. How many caves are there in Badami?

1. Two
2. Six
3. Four
4. Seven

Explanation

There are four caves in Badami. Irrespective of religion, architectural features share a common style. It establishes the technical importance and the secular attitude of both patron and architect.

64. The large Cave temple build by Mangalesa is dedicated to whom?

1. Vishnu
2. Siva
3. Buddha
4. Mahavir

Explanation

The largest cave temple built by Mangalesa is dedicated to Vishnu. The reclining posture of Vishnu on the snake bed and Narasimha are exquisite examples of Chalukya art.

65. Which was a centre for performing royal rituals?

1. Aihole
2. Badami
3. Gokarna
4. Pattadakal

Explanation

Pattadakal, a quiet village in Bagalkot district of Karnataka, is famous for its exquisite temples. Pattadakal was a centre for performing royal rituals.

66. Which temple was built at the order of queen Lohamahadevi to commemorate the conquest of Kanchipuram by her husband Vikramaditya II?

1. Murudeshwara Temple
2. Mahableshwar Temple
3. Kailasanathar Temple
4. Virupaksha Temple

Explanation

The Virupaksha temple was built at the order of queen Lohamahadevi to commemorate the conquest of Kanchipuram by her husband Vikramaditya II.

67. Who build the structural temple at mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram)?

1. Revadi Ovajja
2. Parthiban
3. Rajasimha
4. Rayuduveda

Explanation

The unique feature of the structural temple built by Rajasimha at Mamallapuram was adopted in Virupaksha Temple by the Chalukyas. Monuments are generally associated with the rulers who built them.

68. Which among the following statement is incorrect

1. The south porch of the Virupaksha temple has a Sanskrit inscription eulogizing the architect who designed the temple. The architect was given the title Tribhuavacharya (maker of the three worlds).
2. At the south-eastern corner of the Pattadakal village is the Papanatha temple. Similar to the Virupaksha temple in its basic plan, it has a shikara in the northern style.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

The east porch of the Virupaksha temple has a Kannada inscription eulogizing the architect who designed the temple. The architect was given the title Tribhuavacharya (maker of the three worlds).

69. From which many panels depicting scenes and characters are richly decorated in the outer wall of Papanatha temple?

1. Mahabharata
2. Ramayana
3. Jataka Tales
4. Soora Vadha of Karthikeya

Explanation

The outer walls of Papanatha temple are richly decorated with many panels depicting scenes and characters from the Ramayana.

70. What was the name of the architect on the eastern wall of Papanatha temple in a short Kannada inscription, who designed the shrine?

1. Revadi Ovajja
2. Parthiban
3. Rajasimha
4. Rayuduveda

Explanation

The eastern wall of Papanatha temple has a short Kannada inscription, giving the name of the architect Revadi Ovajja, who designed the shrine. In Pattadakal, Chalukyas built more than ten temples which demonstrate the evolution in Chalukya architecture.

71. On the basis of style Chalukya temples are classified into how many times?

1. Seven
2. Six
3. Four
4. Two

Explanation

On the basis of style these temples are classified into two groups: Indo-Aryan and Dravidian.

72. Which style was adopted by Chalukyas in painting?

1. Chola
2. Vakataka
3. Pallava
4. Satavahana

Explanation

Paintings are found in a cave temple dedicated to Vishnu in Badami. Chalukyas adopted the Vakataka style in painting. Many of the paintings are of incarnations of Vishnu. The most popular Chalukya painting is in the palace built by the King Mangalesan.

73. The Pallavas were associated with Tondaimandalam, the land between which two rivers?

1. North Pennar and South Cauvery
2. North Vellar and South Cauvery
3. North Pennar and North Vellar
4. North Vellar and North Vaigai

Explanation

The Pallavas were associated with Tondaimandalam, the land between the north Pennar and north Vellar rivers.

74. Who is believed to have conquered the Chola country up to the Kaveri and consolidated his dynastic rule?

1. Nandivarma
2. Simhavishnu
3. Mahendravarman I
4. Skanda Varman

Explanation

Simhavishnu is believed to have conquered the Chola country up to the Kaveri and consolidated his dynastic rule, started by his father Simhavarman. Simhavishnu, vanquishing the Kalabhras, conquered the land up to the Kaveri, thereby coming into conflict with the Pandyas.

75. Which pallava king was converted by Appar from Jainism to Saivism, was a patron of arts, and a poet and musician in his own right?

1. Nandivarma I
2. Simhavishnu
3. Mahendravarman I
4. Skanda Varman

Explanation

Simhavishnu’s successor Mahendravarman I (590-630), whom Appar, converted from Jainism to Saivism, was a patron of arts, and a poet and musician in his own right.

76. On whose reign the Pallavas managed to settle scores by winning several victories over the Chalukyas with the aid of their ally Manavarman?

1. Nandivarma I
2. Aparajitavarman
3. Mahendravarman I
4. Narasimhavarman I

Explanation

During the reign of Narasimhavarman I (630-668), the Pallavas managed to settle scores by winning several victories over the Chalukyas with the aid of their ally Manavarman, a Sri Lankan prince, who later became ruler of the island kingdom.

77. During Mahendravarman’s reign, whose army annexed the northern part of Pallava kingdom and almost reached the Pallava capital of Kanchipuram?

1. Aditya Karikalan
2. Parantaka Chola II
3. Chandragupta II
4. Pulikesin II

Explanation

During Mahendravarman’s reign, the army of Pulikesin II annexed the northern part of Pallava kingdom and almost reached the Pallava capital of Kanchipuram.

78. Who claims to have defeated the Cholas, Cheras and Kalabhras?

1. Narasimhavarma I
2. Aparajitavarman
3. Mahendravarman I
4. Paramesvaravarman I

Explanation

The climax was Narasimhavarman’s invasion of the Chalukyan kingdom and his capturing of the Badami. Narasimhavarman claims to have defeated the Cholas, Cheras and Kalabhras.

79. Which Chalukya king invaded the pallava country during reign of , Paramesvaravarman I?

1. Kirtivarman
2. Vikramaditya
3. Adityavarman
4. Pulikesin II

Explanation

The Pallava-Chalukya conflict continued during the subsequent decades, with some intermittent peace. During the reign of his grandson, Paramesvaravarman I (670-700), Vikramaditya of the Chalukya kingdom invaded the Pallava country.

80. Which Rashtrakuta king invaded Kanchi during the reign of the Pallava Dantivarman?

1. Govinda III
2. Krishna III
3. Karka II
4. Indra III

Explanation

In the early ninth century, the Rashtrakuta king, Govind III, invaded Kanchi during the reign of the Pallava Dantivarman.

81. Which among the following statement is Incorrect

1. Paramesvaravarman fought against him with the support of the Gangas and Pandyas. As a result, the Pallavas came into conflict with the Pandyas in the south.
2. Dantivarman’s son Nandivarman III aided by western Gangas and Cheras, defeated the Pandyas at the battle of Koppam.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

Dantivarman’s son Nandivarman III aided by western Gangas and Cholas, defeated the Pandyas at the battle of Sripurambiyam or Thirupurambiyam.

82. Aparajita, grandson of Nandivarman III, lost his life in a battle fought against which Chola king?

1. Rajaraja I
2. Rajendra I
3. Aditya I
4. Kulothunga I

Explanation

Aparajita, grandson of Nandivarman III, lost his life in a battle fought against Aditya I of the Chola kingdom who invaded Tondaimandalam. This sealed the fate of the Pallavas. Thereafter, control over Tondaimandalam passed into the hands of the Cholas.

83. Which among the following statement is Incorrect

1. Under the Pallavas, kinship was held to be of divine origin and was hereditary. The king took high-sounding titles, some of which, such as maharajadhiraja, were borrowed from north Indian traditions.
2. Distinctions are made between amatyas and mantrins. While a mantri is generally understood to be a diplomat, amatya is a counsellor. Some of the ministers bore semi-royal titles and may well have been appointed from among the feudatories.
3. The king was assisted by a group of ministers, and in the later Pallava period this ministerial council played a prominent part in state policy. Mantri Mandala was a council of ministers.
4. Only 3
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 1 and 2
7. None

84. Who was the supervisor of the Manikkappandaram-kappan?

1. Rahasyadhikrita
2. Manikkappandaram-Kappan
3. Kosa-adhyaksa
4. Dharmadhikarins

Explanation

Kosa-adhyaksa was the supervisor of the Manikkappandaram-kappan (Manikka – valuables; Pandaram  –  treasury; Kappan  –  keeper)

85. Match the following List I with List II and choose correct answer

List I List II

Officers Officers field

1. Rahasyadhikrita 1. Judges
2. Manikkappandaram-Kappan 2. Private secretary of king
3. Kodukkappillai 3. Officer of Gift
4. Dharmadhikarins 4. Officer in charge of treasury
5. 2 – 1 – 4 – 3
6. 3 – 4 – 1 – 2
7. 3 – 1 – 4 – 2
8. 2 – 4 – 3 – 1

Explanation

Rahasyadhikrita was a private secretary of the king. Manikkappandaram-Kappan was an officer in charge of the treasury. Kodukkappillai was the officer of gifts. They were central officers under the Pallava king. Judicial courts were called Adhikarna Mandapa and judges called Dharmadhikarins.

86. Which among the following statement is Incorrect

1. Fines are mentioned in the Kasakudi plates of Mahendravarman Pallava as parandandam (fine in superior/ higher court) and kalaradandam (fine in district level).
2. The governor of a province was advised and assisted by officers in charge of districts who worked in close collaboration with local autonomous institutions, largely in an advisory capacity.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

Fines are mentioned in the Kasakudi plates of Nandivarman Pallava as Karanadandam (fine in superior/ higher court) and Adhikaranadandam (fine in district level).

87. The village donated to a single Brahman or a group of Brahmans is known as ____

1. Devadana
2. Brahmadeya
3. Paramedaya
4. Akradana

Explanation

The brahmadeya villages were donated to a single Brahman or a group of Brahmans. These villages tended to be more prosperous than the others because no tax was paid

88. The villages, donated to a temple was known as ____

1. Devadana
2. Brahmadeya
3. Paramedaya
4. Akradana

Explanation

There were devadana villages, donated to a temple, and the revenue was consequently received by the temple authorities and not by the state. The temple authorities assisted the village by providing employment in the service of the temple

89. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Crown lands were leased out to tenants-at-will. The status of the village remained same according to the tenures prevailing. The village with an inter-caste population has no need to pay land revenue.
2. Land ownership was with the king, who could make revenue grants to his officers and land-grants to Brahmans, or else continue to have land cultivated by small-scale cultivators and landlords
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

Crown lands were leased out to tenants-at-will. The status of the village varied according to the tenures prevailing. The village with an inter-caste population paid land revenue.

90. Where eleven plates held together by a ring of copper, stamped with a royal seal depicting a bull and a lingam was found in 1879?

1. Adichanallur
2. Arikamedu
3. Urrukkattukottam
4. Ariyalur

Explanation

In 1879, eleven plates held together by a ring of copper, its two ends soldered and stamped with a royal seal depicting a bull and a lingam (the Pallava symbol) were discovered in Urrukkattukottam, near Puducherry.

91. The eleven plates discovered in Urrukkattukottam records a grant of a village made in the twenty-second year of which king?

1. Nandivarman
2. Aparajitavarman
3. Mahendravarman I
4. Narasimhavarman

Explanation

The eleven plates discovered in Urrukkattukottam records a grant of a village made in the twenty-second year of the king Nandivarman (753 CE). The inscriptional text commences with a eulogy of the king in Sanskrit, followed by the details of the grant in Tamil, and a concluding verse in Sanskrit.

92. In village of pallava period, what was the basic assembly known as?

1. Uru
2. Nadu
3. Sabha
4. Manu

Explanation

In the village, the basic assembly was the Sabha, which was concerned with all matters relating to the village, including endowments, land, irrigation, cultivated, punishment of crime, the keeping of a census and other necessary records.

93. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Village courts dealt with any large criminal cases. At a higher level, in towns and districts, courts were presided over by government officers, with the Dharmadhikarins as the supreme arbiter of justice.
2. The Sabha was a formal institution but it worked closely with the urar, an informal gathering of the entire village. Above this was a district council which worked with Nadu or district administration.
3. Villages populated entirely or largely by Brahmans preserved records of the functioning of assemblies and councils. The link between the village assembly and the official administration was the headman of the village.
4. Only 3
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

Village courts dealt with petty criminal cases. At a higher level, in towns and districts, courts were presided over by government officers, with the king as the supreme arbiter of justice.

94. What was the special category of land known only in south India, that was donated by Individuals?

1. Kulanadu
2. Thanabhoomi
3. Thannadu
4. Eripatti

Explanation

A special category of land, eripatti or tank land, was known only in south India. This land was donated by individuals, the revenue from which was set apart for the maintenance of the village tank.

95. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The tank, lined with brick or stone, was built through the cooperative effort of the village, and its water was shared by all cultivators. The maintenance of these tanks was essential to the village.
2. Practically every inscription from the Pallava period pertaining to the rural affairs refers to the upkeep of the tank. Next in importance came wells.
3. Water was distributed by canals, which were fitted with sluices to regulate the water level and prevent overflowing at the source. The distribution of water for irrigation was supervised by a special tank committee appointed by the village.
4. Both 1 and 3
5. Both 1 and 2
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

96. How many categories of taxes were levied on the village?

1. Two
2. Five
3. Three
4. Seven

Explanation

Two categories of taxes were levied on the village. The land revenue paid by the cultivator to the state varied from 1/6th to 1/10th of the produce, and was collected by the village and paid to the state collector. In the second category were local taxes, also collected in the village but utilized for services in the village itself.

97. Which among the following statement is Incorrect

1. Land grants recorded mainly on copperplates provide detailed information on land revenues and taxation. Revenue came almost exclusively from rural sources, mercantile and urban institutions being largely unplanned.
2. Pallava considered war to be very important and a series of sculptures depicting the important events connected with the reign of Mahendravaram Pallava, notably Pallava troops attacking a fort are seen in the Vaikunta Perumal temple at Kanchipuram.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

Pallava considered war to be very important and a series of sculptures depicting the important events connected with the reign of Nandivarama Pallava, notably Pallava troops attacking a fort are seen in the Vaikunta Perumal temple at Kanchipuram.

98. Where the Pallavas developed a navy and built dockyards?

1. Pullicat
2. Kaveripoompattinam
3. Nagapattinam
4. Musuri

Explanation

The Pallavas developed a navy and built dockyards at Mamallapuram and Nagapattinam. However, the Pallava navy was inconsiderable compared to the naval strength of the Cholas who succeeded them.

99. Which among the following statement is incorrect

1. Less of the state revenue went to maintain the army. The Army general maintained a standing army under his direct control. The army consisted of foot-soldiers, cavalry and a large force of elephants.
2. Chariots were by now almost out of use and in any case were ineffective in the hilly terrains, as much of the fighting took place there. Cavalry, though effective, was expensive, as horses had to be imported.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

Much of the state revenue went to maintain the army. The king maintained a standing army under his direct control. The army consisted of foot-soldiers, cavalry and a small force of elephants.

100. Which among the following coins was issued by pallavas in later time?

1. Copper coins
2. Silver coins
3. Bronze coins
4. Brass coins

Explanation

Barter system generally prevailed but later the Pallavas issued gold and silver coins. Merchants had their own organizations such as Manigramam.

101. Which was an important trading centre in the Pallava period?

1. Vellore
2. Ennore
3. Pullicat
4. Kanchipuram

Explanation

Kanchipuram was an important trading centre in the Pallava period. The merchants had to obtain license to market their goods.

102. In which among the following country pallava did not have foreign trade?

1. Java
2. China
3. Rome
4. Burma

Explanation

In foreign trade, spices, cotton textiles, precious stones and medicinal plants were exported to Java, Sumatra, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, China and Burma. Mamallapuram was an important seaport.

103. Foreign merchants were known as ____

1. Sudesi
2. Nanadesi
3. Ainurruvar
4. Pataiyar

Explanation

Traders founded guilds and called themselves as sudesi, nanadesi, ainurruvar and others. Foreign merchants were known as Nanadesi.

104. Where trader’s main guild functioned?

1. Mahabalipuram
2. Musuri
3. Aihole
4. Gokarna

Explanation

Traders main guild functioned at Aihole. Foreign merchants had a separate flag with the figure of bull at the centre, and they enjoyed the right of issuing vira-sasanas. The jurisdiction of this guild stretched over entire south-east Asia.

105. Which among the following name chief of nanadesi guild is not registered?

1. Bothydhesa
2. Pattanswamy
3. Pattnakilar
4. Dandanayaka

Explanation

The chief of this guild is registered in the inscriptions as pattanswamy, pattnakilar, and dandanayaka. Its members were known as ayyavole-parameswariyar.

106. In which among the following kingdom the Pallavas had maritime trade in south-east Asia?

1. Kambuja
2. Champa
3. Mothiya
4. Srivijaya

Explanation

The Pallavas had maritime trade with south-east Asia, where by now there were three major kingdoms: Kambuja (Cambodia), Champa (Annam), and Srivijaya (the southern Malaya peninsula and Sumatra).

107. Which among the following statement is Incorrect

1. Like in the Ganges plain, where large areas were available for cultivation, the regions controlled by the Pallavas and the Chalukyas commanded a Great income from land.
2. On the west coast, the initiative in the trade with the West was gradually passing into the hands of the foreign traders settled along the coast, mainly Arabs.
3. Indian traders were becoming suppliers of goods rather than carriers of goods to foreign countries, and communication with the west became indirect, via Arabs, and limited to trade alone
4. Only 1
5. Both 2 and 3
6. Both 1 and 2
7. Both 1 and 3

Explanation

Unlike in the Ganges plain, where large areas were available for cultivation, the regions controlled by the Pallavas and the Chalukyas commanded a limited income from land. Mercantile activity had not developed sufficiently to make a substantial contribution to the economy.

108. Who were exempted from paying taxes and capital punishment?

1. Brahmins
2. Vaishyas
3. Women
4. Sudras

Explanation

Brahmins as learned scholars in literature, astronomy, law and others functioned as the royal counsellors. They were exempted from paying taxes and capital punishment.

109. What was the social group ruled the state was called?

1. Vaishyas
2. Sat-Kshatryas
3. Mudaliyar
4. Nattapara

Explanation

The next important social group which ruled the state was called sat-kshatryas (quality kshatriyas). Not all the kshatryas were of warring groups; some of them were involved in trading as well. They also enjoyed the right to read the Vedas, a privilege denied to lower varnas.

110. Which among the following statement is Incorrect

1. Brahmins not only were they in the teaching profession, they were also involved in agriculture, animal husbandry, and handicraft works
2. People engaged in scavenging, fishing, dry-cleaning and leather works were positioned outside the varna system.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

Brahmins not only were they in the teaching profession, they were also involved in agriculture, trade and war. The people who were at the bottom of the society worked in agriculture, animal husbandry, and handicraft works.

111. Most scholars agree that Aryanisation or the northern influence on the south picked up pace during whose period?

1. Chola period
2. Chalukya period
3. Pallava period
4. Maurya period

Explanation

Most scholars agree that Aryanisation or the northern influence on the south picked up pace during the Pallava period. This is evident from the royal grants issued by the kings. Sanskrit came to be held in high esteem. The caste structure had firmly established.

112. The followers of Vedic religion were devoted to the worship of which god in Pallava period ?

1. Vishnu
2. Siva
3. Durga
4. Rama

Explanation

Kanchipuram continued to be a great seat of learning. The followers of Vedic religion were devoted to the worship of Siva.

113. Who was the first, during the middle of his reign, to adopt the worship of Siva.?

1. Nandivarman
2. Aparajitavarman
3. Mahendravarman
4. Narasimhavarman

Explanation

Mahendravarman was the first, during the middle of his reign, to adopt the worship of Siva. But he was intolerant of Jainism and destroyed some Jain monasteries. Many of the great Nayanmars and Alwars, Saiva and Vaishanava poet-saints lived during his time.

114. Hiuen-Tsang is reported to have seen at Kanchipuram one hundred Buddhist monasteries and 10,000 priests belonging to the which school?

1. Mahayana
2. Hinayana
3. Theravada
4. Vajrayana

Explanation

Hiuen-Tsang is reported to have seen at Kanchi one hundred Buddhist monasteries and 10,000 priests belonging to the Mahayana school.

115. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Perhaps the most obvious sign of the influence of Aryan culture in the south was the pre-eminent position given to Brahmins. They gained materially through large gifts of land.
2. In the early part of this period education was controlled Predominantly by Jains, but gradually the Brahmins superseded them. The Jains who had brought with them their religious literature in Prakrit, began to use Sanskrit.
3. In addition, Mahendravarman I lost interest in Jainism and took up the cause of Saivism, thus depriving the Jains of valuable royal patronage. Jainism was extremely popular, but the competition of Hinduism in the succeeding centuries greatly reduced the number of its adherents.
4. Only 1
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 1 and 2
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

In the early part of this period education was controlled by Jains and Buddhists, but gradually the Brahmins superseded them. The Jains who had brought with them their religious literature in Sanskrit and Prakrit, began to use Tamil.

116. Who developed religious centres at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka?

1. Buddhists
2. Ajivikas
3. Vaishnavism
4. Jains

Explanation

The Jains had developed a few educational centres near Madurai and Kanchi, and religious centres such as the one at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka. But a vast majority of the Jaina monks tended to isolate themselves in small caves, in hills and forests.

117. Which among the following statement is Incorrect

1. Monasteries continued to be the nucleus of the Buddhist educational system and were located in the region of Kanchi, and the valleys of the Krishna and the Godavari rivers.
2. Buddhist centres were concerned with the study of Buddhism, particularly as this was a period of intense conflict between orthodox and heterodox sects
3. Buddhism was fighting a losing battle. Royal patronage, which the Buddhists lacked, gave an edge to the protagonists of Jain religions.
4. Only 1
5. Only 3
6. Both 1 and 3
7. Only 2 and 3

Explanation

Buddhism was fighting a losing battle. Royal patronage, which the Buddhists lacked, gave an edge to the protagonists of Vedic religions.

118. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Tamil was the recognized medium, and was also the official language at the court, which led to its adoption in literary circles. Apart from the university at Kanchipuram, which acquired a fame equal to that the Nalanda, there were a number of other Pali colleges.
2. In the eighth century the mathas (mutts) became popular. This was a combination of a rest house, a feeding-centre, and an education centre, which indirectly brought publicity to the particular sect with which it was associated.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

Apart from the university at Kanchi, which acquired a fame equal to that the Nalanda, there were a number of other Sanskrit colleges. Sanskrit was the recognized medium, and was also the official language at the court, which led to its adoption in literary circles.

119. Who composed Mathavilasa Prahasanam in Sanskrit?

1. Mahendravarman I
2. Amoghavarsha I
3. Veera Ballala
4. Harsha

Explanation

Mahendravarman I composed Mathavilasa Prahasanam in Sanskrit.

120. Who was the author of the great treatise on rhetoric Kavyadarsa, seems to have stayed in Pallava court for some time?

1. Bharavi
2. Dandin
3. Harsha
4. Amoghavarsha I

Explanation

Dandin of Kanchipuram, author of the great treatise on rhetoric Kavyadarsa, seems to have stayed in Pallava court for some time.

121. Who was the author of Kiratarjuniya?

1. Bharavi
2. Dandin
3. Harsha
4. Koshiya

Explanation

Two extraordinary works in Sanskrit set the standard for Sanskrit literature in the south: Bharavi’s Kiratarjuniya and Dandin’s Dashakumaracharita.

122. Who is credited with the introduction of rock-cut temples in the Pallava territory?

1. Simhavishnu
2. Simhavarman I
3. Mahendravarman I
4. Narasimhavarman I

Explanation

Mahendravarman I was credited with the introduction of rock-cut temples in the Pallava territory. Mahendravarman’s rock temples are usually the mandapa type with a pillared hall or the mandapa in front and a small shrine at the rear or sides.

123. In which inscription Mahendravarman claims that his shrine to Brahma, Isvara and Vishnu was made without using traditional materials?

1. Annaicoddai
2. Aihole
3. Kodumanal
4. Mandagapattu

Explanation

Mahendravarman claims in his Mandagappattu inscription that his shrine to Brahma, Isvara and Vishnu was made without using traditional materials such as brick, timber, metal and mortar.

124. Which district in Maharashtra is the centre of the groups of caves in Ellora and Ajanta?

1. Amravati
2. Washim
3. Aurangabad
4. Nagpur

Explanation

Aurangabad district in Maharashtra is the centre of the groups of caves in Ellora and Ajanta. The Ellora group of caves are famous for sculptures while the Ajanta group of caves are famous for paintings. The dates of these temples range from c. 500 to c. 950 CE.

125. To whom the first cave temple was created?

1. Buddhism
2. Jainism
3. Ajivikas
4. Vaishnavism

Explanation

The first cave temple was created for the Ajivikas. Some of the temples are incomplete.

126. The rock-cut cave temples in Ellora are in How many caves?

1. Twenty-two
2. Thirty-four
3. Eighteen
4. Forty-two

Explanation

The rock-cut cave temples in Ellora are in 34 caves, carved in Charanadri hills. Without knowledge of trigonometry, structural engineering, and metallurgy, the Indian architects could not have created such exquisite edifices.

127. Which sects first set the trend of creating rock cut temples?

1. Heterodox
2. Orthodox
3. Tripainja
4. Heresy

Explanation

The patrons of these caves range from the dynasties of Chalukyas to Rashtrakutas. The heterodox sects first set the trend of creating this model of rock cut temples. Later, orthodox sects adopted it as a medium of disseminating religious ideologies.

128. Mural paintings in Ellora are found in how many caves?

1. Eleven
2. Five
3. Seven
4. Nine

Explanation

Mural paintings in Ellora are found in five caves, but only in the Kailash temple are they preserved. Some murals in Jain temples are well preserved. Not only animals, birds, trees, flowers are pictured elegantly, but human emotions and character – greed, love, compassionare depicted with professional skill.

129. When the Ellora caves were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site?

1. 1994
2. 1967
3. 1983
4. 1999

Explanation

The Ellora caves were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.

130. How many Buddhist caves are there in Ellora?

1. Ten
2. Twelve
3. Fourteen
4. Twenty

Explanation

There are 12 Buddhist caves. Every Buddhist cave temple is of a unique model in architecture. Some are modest; while others are double-storeyed or triple-storeyed.

131. Which among the following statement is Incorrect

1. The plans of the caves demonstrate that these were designed as religious centres where monks stayed and the disciples were trained in religious treatises and scriptures.
2. The main hall in the front and the cubical rooms are on the back side were used as monasteries for teaching and preaching. This is attested by a figure, in cave number two, of man reading a manuscript on a folding table.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

The main hall in the centre and the cubical rooms on either side were used as monasteries for teaching and preaching. This is attested by a figure, in cave number six, of man reading a manuscript on a folding table.

132. How many different buddha characters are identified by the sculptures in the caves?

1. Four
2. Six
3. Seven
4. Three

Explanation

The panels in these caves portray scenes from the life of the Buddha. Three different characters are indentified by the sculptures in the caves. The central figure is Buddha found in three sagacious postures: meditating (dhyana mudra), preaching (vyakhyana mudra) and touching the earth by index finger of right hand (bhumi-sparsha mudra).

133. Who among the following is not the goddess represent in Buddhist cave?

1. Mahamayuri
2. Sujata
3. Gomateshi
4. Pandara

Explanation

Buddhist caves represented goddesses by way of the carved images of Tara, Khadiravanitara, Chunda, Vajradhat-vishvari, Mahamayuri, Sujata, Pandara and Bhrikuti.

134. In which cave, a stout female figure is depicted wearing a waistband and headgear of a cobra?

1. Cave Four
2. Cave Ten
3. Cave Eight
4. Cave Twelve

Explanation

In cave twelve, a stout female figure is depicted wearing a waistband and headgear of a cobra. Khadrivani-tara also holds a cobra in one of her hands in the same cave.

135. Which among the following Jain figures are found in Elora cave?

1. Eknath
2. Mahavira
3. Yakshamatang
4. Parsvanatha

Explanation

A few Jain caves are also seen in Ellora group and are distinct from others. But they are incomplete. The figures of Yakshamatanga, Mahavira, Parsvanatha, and Gomatesvara are surrounded by attendants.

136. which cave is a massive monolithic structure, carved out of a single solid rock (cave-16)?

1. Kailasanatha cave
2. Durgadevi cave
3. Buddha meditating cave
4. Mahavir cave

Explanation

The earliest Vedic caves are modest and simple. Mostly, they are square-shaped except Kailasanatha cave (cave-16), which is a massive monolithic structure, carved out of a single solid rock. This temple is said to represent Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva.

137. Which among the following statement regarding caves of Vedic religion is correct in Ellora

1. The monolithic temple is said to represent Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva. The temple is two storeyed and the Kailasa temple is on the second one.
2. The lower storey has carved life-size Bull, which looks like they are holding up the temple on their backs.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

The monolithic temple is said to represent Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva. The temple is two storeyed and the Kailasa temple is on the first one. The lower storey has carved life-size elephants, which looks like they are holding up the temple on their backs.

138. Which among the following statement regarding caves of Vedic religion is correct in Ellora

1. The temple exterior has richly carved windows, images of deities from the Hindu scriptures and Mithunas (amorous male and female figures).
2. Most of the deities to the left of the temple entrance are Saivite and the deities to the right of the entrance are Vaishnavite. The courtyard has two huge pillars with the flagstaff and a Nandi mandapa.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

139. The attempted lifting of the Kailasa mountain by whom was sculptured in Kailasanatha cave?

1. Lord Siva
2. Krishna
3. Ravana
4. Varahar

Explanation

The wedding ceremony of SivaParvati, the attempted lifting of the Kailasa mountain by Ravana, and the destruction of Mahisasura by the goddess Durga are beautiful specimens. Weapons and musical instruments of the gods are also depicted through the panel sculptures.

140. Which goddess sculpture was depicted by mounted on Tortoise in Ellora cave?

1. Durga
2. Ganga
3. Yamuna
4. Kaveri

Explanation

An interesting sculpture is that of the river goddess Ganga mounted on a crocodile and the river goddess Yamuna mounted on a tortoise in Ellora cave.

141. Totally how many caves have been scooped out of volcanic rocks?

1. Twenty-five
2. Thirty
3. Eighteen
4. Twenty-one

Explanation

The Ajanta caves are situated at a distance of about 100 km north of Aurangabad in Maharashtra. Totally 30 caves have been scooped out of volcanic rocks.

142. Which sect of Buddhism started the excavation of caves in Ajanta?

1. Mahayana
2. Hinayana
3. Theravada
4. Vajrayana

Explanation

Ajanta caves chiefly famous for mural paintings, there are some sculptures too. The Hinayana sect of Buddhism started the excavation of caves in Ajanta. The patrons were the kings who ruled the Deccan plateau during the period c. 200 BCE to 200 CE.

143. The Paintings of the early phase are mostly in Ajanta caves nine and ten, belong to whose period?

1. Satavahanas
2. Mauryas
3. Guptas
4. Vijayanagar

Explanation

Ajanta caves are the repository of rich mural paintings. Paintings of the early phase are mostly in caves nine and ten, which belong to the period of the Satavahanas.

144. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The authors of Ajanta paintings followed ingenious techniques. First, they plastered the ridged surface of the volcanic rock. This plaster was made of mixing two animal fats by tradition.
2. This surface was overlaid with a thin layer of lime, ready to receive the pigment. Recently it was noticed that a stretch of cloth was reinforced on the surface for the application of pigment
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

The authors of Ajanta paintings followed ingenious techniques. First, they plastered the ridged surface of the volcanic rock. This plaster was made of vegetable fibres, paddy husk, rock-grit, and sand.

145. In the story panel what was are the central theme of the paintings in Ajanta caves?

1. Ramayana
2. Mahabharat
3. Jataka tales
4. Destruction of Mahisasura by the goddess Durga

Explanation

The story panels are attractive and informative. Scenes from the Jataka stories and select episodes from the life history of Buddha are the central theme of the paintings.

146. Which among the following celestial figures is not depicted in paintings and sculptures in Ajanta caves?

1. Kinnaras
2. Idumbans
3. Vidyadharas
4. Gandharvas

Explanation

The celestial figures of Kinnaras, Vidyadharas and Gandharvas are depicted in paintings and sculptures. In the paintings of the later period Bodhisattva is shown in larger relief.

147. Which among the following statement regarding Ajanta cave is correct

1. The aesthetic features of the paintings are garland, necklaces, headgear, ear-rings and the perfection of the movements of the human hands. The prominent colours used are black, red, white, yellow, blue and green.
2. Light and shadow are intelligently used. Human figures depicted in same colours have been interpreted to mean that they are from same ethnicities.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

Light and shadow are intelligently used. Human figures depicted in different colours have been interpreted to mean that they are from different ethnicities. Though a variety of human moods are presented, the dominant ones are of compassion and peace.

148. Ajanta caves are grouped into how many types, Architecturally?

1. Two
2. Three
3. Four
4. Five

Explanation

Architecturally, Ajanta caves are grouped into two: chaityas and viharas.

149. Which have vaulted ceilings with long halls?

1. Viharas
2. Chaityas
3. Doom
4. Mandap

Explanation

The chaityas have vaulted ceilings with long halls. In the rear end of the halls the statue of Buddha is seen. The sculpture of Buddha in the garbagriha is in the classical model. His image is the embodiment of benevolence.

150. Whose sculpture with children are significant in Ajanta cave?

1. Venda
2. Megha
3. Kesini
4. Hariti

Explanation

Heaviness is the general character of the sculptures. Sculptures of Yakshis and Hariti with children are significant. Bodhisattva carved out independently is another important feature.

151. During whose reign the iconic Shore Temple of Pallavas at Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) was constructed?

1. Rajasimha
2. Mahendravarman I
3. Nandivarman II
4. Simhavarman I

Explanation

The iconic Shore Temple of Pallavas at Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) was constructed during the reign of Rajasimha (Narasimhavarman) (700-728).

152. The shore temple comprises of how many shrines?

1. Four
2. Two
3. Three
4. Seven

Explanation

The shore temple comprises three shrines, where the prominent ones are dedicated to Siva and Vishnu. The exterior wall of the shrine, dedicated to Vishnu, and the interior of the boundary wall are elaborately carved and sculpted.

153. How many storeyed is rock-cut monolithic shore temple?

1. Three
2. Five
3. Six
4. Four

Explanation

Unlike other structures of the region, the Shore Temple is a five-storeyed rock-cut monolith. The monolithic vimanas are peculiar to Mamallapuram.

154. The Rathas in Mamallapuram are known as what?

1. Surya Narayana Rathas
2. Panchapandava Rathas
3. Buddha Rathas
4. Rama Rathas

Explanation

The Rathas in Mamallapuram are known as the Panchapandava Rathas.

155. Whose Ratha in Mamallapuram contains artistically carved sculptures of Siva, Vishnu, mithuna and dwarapala?

1. Arjuna Ratha
2. Dharmaraja Ratha
3. Bhima Ratha
4. Nakula Ratha

Explanation

The Arjuna Ratha contains artistically carved sculptures of Siva, Vishnu, mithuna and dwarapala.

156. Whose Ratha is rectangular in plan and has beautiful sculptures of Harihara, Brahma, Vishnu, Skanda, Ardhanarisvara and Siva as Gangadhara?

1. Sahadeva Ratha
2. Dharmaraja Ratha
3. Bhima Ratha
4. Nakula Ratha

Explanation

The Bhima Ratha is rectangular in plan and has beautiful sculptures of Harihara, Brahma, Vishnu, Skanda, Ardhanarisvara and Siva as Gangadhara.

157. Which among the following statement is correct

1. The most important piece of carving in Mamallapuram is the Descent of the Ganga (variously described as ‘Bhagirata’s Penance’ or ‘Arjuna’s Penance’).
2. The portrayal of puranic figures with popular local stories reveals the skill of the artists in blending various aspects of human and animal life.
3. Sculptural panel in the Siva mandapa, where village life with cows and cowherds is depicted with beauty and skill, is yet another artistic wonder to behold.
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. Both 1 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

Sculptural panel in the Krishna mandapa, where village life with cows and cowherds is depicted with beauty and skill, is yet another artistic wonder to behold.

158. Whose Ratha is with a three-storied vimana and a square base?

1. Sahadeva Ratha
2. Krishna Ratha
3. Dharmaraja Ratha
4. Nakula Ratha

Explanation

The most exquisite of the five is the Dharmaraja Ratha, with a three-storied vimana and a square base.

159. Which of the following statement is incorrect

1. The structural temples and the free-standing temples at Aihole and Badami in the Deccan and at Kanchipuram and Mamallapuram provide testimony to the architecturalexcellence achieved during the period.
2. The Deccan style of sculpture shows a close affinity to Satavahana art. Pallava sculpture owed a lot to the Jains tradition. Yet the sculpture and the architecture of the Deccan and Tamil Nadu were not mere off shoots of the northern tradition.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

The Deccan style of sculpture shows a close affinity to Gupta art. Pallava sculpture owed a lot to the Buddhist tradition. Yet the sculpture and the architecture of the Deccan and Tamil Nadu were not mere off shoots of the northern tradition.

160. The Pallavas of Kanchipuram in north and the Pandyasof Madurai in south of Tamil country patronised which religious movement?

1. Arya Samaj
2. Aligarh Movement
3. Bhakti movement
4. Mahayana movement

Explanation

The Pallavas of Kanchipuram in north and the Pandyas of Madurai in south of Tamil country patronised the religious movement of Bhakti, spearheaded by the elite and the wealthy merchant class.

161. Totally how many Azhwars are there?

1. 63
2. 18
3. 24
4. 12

Explanation

The saints of Saivism and Vaishnavism simplified the use of Tamil language with the application of music. They brought the local and regional ethos into the mainstream. Azhwars (totally 12) and Nayanmars (totally 63), came from different strata of Tamil society, such as artisans and cultivators.

162. Who among the following was the women saint in Azhwar?

1. Avvaiyar
2. Andal
3. Mirabai
4. Karaikkal Ammaiyar

Explanation

There were women saints as well like Andal, an Azhwar saint.

163. Which among the following statement is incorrect

1. The local temple became the nucleus of Bhakti movement. Bhakti became the instrument to touch the hearts of people emotionally, and mobilize them.
2. Bhakti cult as a religious movement opened a new chapter in the history of Tamilnadu in the early medieval period. A strong wave of Tamil devotionalism swept the country from the sixth through the ninth centuries. Th e form was in hymns of the Nayanmars and the Azhwars
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

164. Who among the following was the prominent female Nayanmar saints?

1. Avvaiyar
2. Mirabai
3. Karaikkal Ammaiyar
4. Anaya

Explanation

The poet Karaikkal Ammaiyar (Tilakawathi), and the Pandya queen Mangayarkkarasiyar were prominent female Nayanmar saints.

165. Which among the following are the source of Bhakti movement?

1. Civaka Cintamani
2. Periyapuranam
3. Nalayira divyaprapandam
4. Tiruvasagam

Explanation

Hymns of Thevaram corpus; Nalayiradivyaprapandam; Periyapuranam; Tiru-thondarthogai; Manickavasakar’s Tiruvasagam; Hymns engraved on the walls of temples. Miniature sculptures in the circumambulation of temples; paintings in the temples are the sources.

166. Which among the following is not the Bhakti hymns major themes

1. First and foremost is the idea of devotion to a personal god
2. The second is a support to orthodox Vedic Brahmanism and the inclusiveness of the Brahmans in their access to divine grace and salvation.
3. The third is the outright condemnation of Jains and Buddhists as heretics.
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. Both 2 and 3
7. Only 3

Explanation

The second is a protest against orthodox Vedic Brahmanism and the exclusiveness of the Brahmans in their access to divine grace and salvation.

167. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Originating with folk dancing, the choreography of temple dancing became highly sophisticated and complex renderings of religious themes as apparent in the final form.
2. From the Pallava period onwards trained groups of dancers were maintained by the more prosperous temples. Classic scenes from puranas, and itihasas were sculpted on the walls of the temples, in bronze and stone
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

168. Which was probably the most frequently used instrument in Temple?

1. Mridangam
2. Flute
3. Veena
4. Ghatam

Explanation

Religious hymns set to music were popularized by the Tamil saints, and the singing of these hymns became a regular feature of the temple ritual. The veena was probably the most frequently used instrument. Sometime around the fifth century CE, it was replaced in India by a lute with a pear-shaped body.

169. Azhwars composed moving hymns addressed to which god?

1. Siva
2. Vishnu
3. Karthikeya
4. Durga

Explanation

Azhwars composed moving hymns addressed to Vishnu.

170. Who compiled in the Nalayira Divviyaprabandham?

1. Nammalvar
2. Madhurakavi Alvar
3. Tulsidas
4. Nadamuni

Explanation

Moving hymns composed by Azhwars were compiled in the Nalayira Divviyaprabandham by Nadamuni, at the end of the ninth century.

171. Nadamuni served as a priest in which Temple?

1. Brihadeeshwara Temple in Tanjore
2. Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai
3. Ranganatha Temple in Srirangam
4. Kailasanathar Temple in Kanchipuram

Explanation

Nadamuni who served as a priest at the Ranganatha temple in Srirangam is credited with compiling this work comprising four thousand poems.

172. Who is the hero in Andal’s hymns?

1. Krishna
2. Siva
3. Karthikeya
4. Brahma

Explanation

Krishna is the hero in Andal’s hymns. Her songs convey her abiding love for Krishna.

173. Who is considered the greatest amongst Alvars?

1. Andal
2. Periyalvar
3. Nammalvar
4. Thiruppan Alvar

Explanation

convey her abiding love for Krishna. Nammalvar, from Kurugur (Alvar Tirunagari), now in Thoothukudi district, is considered the greatest amongst Alvars.

174. Nammalvar authored how many works including Tiruvaymoli?

1. Three
2. Four
3. Seven
4. Twelve

Explanation

Nammalvar authored four works that include the Tiruvaymoli. Vaishnava devotees believe that his hymns distil the essence of the four Vedas. From the twelfth century, the Vaishnava hymns were the subject of elaborate and erudite commentaries.

175. Who among the following alvar lived in Srivilliputtur during the reign of Pandyan king Maravarman Srivallabha in the ninth century?

1. Nammalvar
2. Thiruppan Alvar
3. Periyalvar
4. Thirumalisai Alvar

Explanation

Periyalvar lived in Srivilliputtur during the reign of Pandyan king Maravarman Srivallabha in the ninth century. The themes are mostly Krishna’s childhood.

176. Who among the following was known as Appar?

1. Tirunavukarasar
2. Tirugnanasambandar
3. Sundarar
4. Manikkavasagar

Explanation

The prominent Saiva poets include Tirunavukarasar also known as Appar, Tirugnanasambandar and Sundarar, and Manikkavasagar.

177. Who compiled Nayanmars hymns into an anthology of eleven books, towards the end of tenth century?

1. Rudra Pasupathi
2. Chandeshvara
3. Nambi Andar Nambi
4. Cheraman Perumal

Explanation

Nambi Andar Nambi compiled their hymns into an anthology of eleven books, towards the end of tenth century.

178. Which among the following statement is Incorrect

1. The first seven books, commonly known as Thevaram, contain the hymns of Sambandar (I to III), Appar (books IV to VI) and Sundarar (book VII) and Manikkavasagar (book VIII).
2. Nandanar Periyapuranam is the twelfth thirumurai of the Saiva canon. It is a hagiography of the sixty-three Nayanmars but contains an undercurrent of historical information as well.
3. This collection of 12 books is named Panniru Tirumurai. The Periyapuranam relates many stories about Nayanmars and the miraculous episodes in their lives.
4. Only 2
5. Only 3
6. Both 1 and 3
7. Both 2 and 3

Explanation

Sekkilar’s Periyapuranam is the twelfth thirumurai of the Saiva canon. It is a hagiography of the sixty-three Nayanmars but contains an undercurrent of historical information as well.

179. With arrival of whom Bhakti discourse began in Sanskrit in a philosophical mode?

1. Appar
2. Adi sankarar
3. Sri Ramanujar
4. Manikkavasagar

Explanation

Every layman could understand this motto because Bhakti literary canons were composed in Tamil in simple syntactic and semantic style. But, with the arrival of Adi Sankara Bhakti discourse began in Sanskrit in a philosophical mode.

180. Which among the following statement is incorrect

1. Temples, in later Chola times, became great social institutions. Politically, the Bhakti movement prompted the rulers to establish the settlements for the invited Brahmin groups from the north of the Indian sub-continent
2. Royal members, local administrative bodies and individuals initiated the calendrical celebrations and festivals to be conducted in the temples for which they started making endowments to meet their expenditure.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

181. From where, a new doctrine was expounded by Sankara?

1. Kochi
2. Kaladi
3. Pallipuram
4. Badami

Explanation

Against the background of the emerging pan-Indian need for an ideology to evolve statehood, a new doctrine was expounded by Sankara from Kaladi, Kerala. With his new doctrine of Maya (illusion) he held debates with his counterparts from different sects of religions and won over them.

182. Which among the following statement is incorrect

1. Fundamentally, Sankara’s Advaita or non-dualism had its roots in Vedanta or Upanishadic philosophy. His attempts to root out Buddhism and to establish smarta (traditionalist) mathas resulted in the establishment of monasteries in different places
2. Sankara looked upon Vaishnava worship more than Saiva worship as important aspects of the Vedic religion. Monastic organization and preservation of Sanskrit scriptures were the two major thrusts of Sankara school.
3. Only 1
4. Only 2
5. Both 1 and 2
6. None

Explanation

Sankara looked upon Saiva and Vaishnava worship as two equally important aspects of the Vedic religion. Monastic organization and preservation of Sanskrit scriptures were the two major thrusts of Sankara school.

183. Which was the native of Sri Ramanujar?

1. Madurai
2. Vellore
3. Sriperumbudur
4. Trichy

Explanation

Sri Ramanujar, a native of Sriperumpudur, underwent philosophical training under Yatavaprakasar in Kanchipuram in Sankara school of thought.

184. who once found Sri Ramanujar in Kanchi invited him to Srirangam?

1. Sangarachary
2. Maheshwarar
3. Bothatheyar
4. Yamunachary

Explanation

The young Ramanujar did not agree with the teachings of his guru and was fascinated by the teachings of the Srirangam school of thought. Yamunacharya who once found him in Kanchi invited him to Srirangam. But as soon as he reached Sri Rangam, Yamunacharya passed away.

185. Which among the following statement is correct

1. Ramanujar was then declared the head of monastery in Srirangam. He took control of monastery, temple and united the sect with efforts at modifying the rituals in temples.
2. Ramanuja was a teacher-reformer and a great organiser. He supported the monist ideology of Adi Sankara and his effort to widen the social base to include other Brahmans throughout country.
3. He influenced some temple authorities to permit the social groups outside the varnashrama system to enter into temple at least once a year. It is believed that due to the perceived threat to their religious faith and existence, Ramanujar had to leave his place of residence
4. Only 3
5. Both 1 and 3
6. Both 2 and 3
7. All 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

Ramanuja was a teacher-reformer and a great organiser. He challenged the monist ideology of Adi Sankara and in his effort to widen the social base to include social groups other than Brahmans.

186. What was the philosophy of Sri Ramanujar that influenced many thinkers and developed into a separate tradition?

1. Dvaita
2. Advaita
3. Visishtadvaita
4. Somadvaita

Explanation

Described as qualified monism, his philosophy of Visishtadvaita influenced many thinkers and developed into a separate tradition.

187. The schism was developed into how many schools, century after Sri Ramanujar death?

1. Three
2. Ten
3. Two
4. Seven

Explanation

A century after his death, there was a schism which developed into two separate schools under Vedanta Desikar and Manavala Mamuni.

188. Arrange the following in chronological order

1. Narasimhavarman I
2. Simhavishnu
3. Aparajitavarman
4. Mahendravarman I
5. 4 – 1 – 3 – 2
6. 2 – 1 – 4 – 3
7. 3 – 2 – 1 – 4
8. 3 – 4 – 2 – 1